字词 | 统觉(又作摄觉) |
释义 | 统觉(又作摄觉)【英】apperception译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:7. 定义亦称“摄觉”。指知觉对于过去的经验、对于人的知识积累和总的心理活动内容的依赖性( 廖盖隆等,1993)。与反省的意识、自我认识、内省、自我知觉、自我反省等同义。源于拉丁文ad(到、达到)和percipere(领悟或思想上把握)。统觉的活动包括选择、集中、决定、同化、意向、避开、意愿等。是通过有理智的意愿的仔细思考而吸收和重组观念的活动。在这种意义上,统觉要求有一种意愿和注意去认识、解释、认同、安排和拒绝观念。统觉的心理活动把潜意识中不清楚的印象和感觉的模糊观念概括为有意识的注意的层次,把它们放在理智的层次中,从而使它们具有意义。笛卡儿用此词指人对自身认识能力的察知,莱布尼茨用此词指理性或清楚的自觉的知觉,认为统觉即指意识所表象的对象,也指意识自身表象对象的过程,是清楚明白的意识。康德从其先验唯心主义出发,把统觉区别为先验统觉和经验统觉;先验统觉以其范畴加之于材料,达到知识的先天的统一。这种先验统觉亦称自我,我思,原始统觉,自我的统一意识,统觉的综合统一性等。经验统觉则是后天的统一,是自我对意识的实际的、具体的、变化的状况的认识。康德理解的统觉是先于或超越于知觉内容的意识的结构统一体,它使经验具有秩序和意义。这种结构的超越的统一是由空间、时间的直观形式加之于材料而形成感性对象,这个对象不是单纯由人们的知觉所形成。统觉以量的范畴、质的范畴、关系范畴、样式范畴等共12范畴加之于经验材料,又通过以时间为媒介的图式和知性的原理,使感性与知性得到结合,从而完成人的认识过程。在康德以后的现代西方哲学与心理学中,对统觉一词有不同的理解。赫尔巴特认为统觉指原来的表象群,它吸取新的表象于其自身,形成一个体系。他的统觉是先前的表象,不是先天的范畴。冯特的心理学认为统觉是一种注意作用,注意与统觉是认识作用的两个方面,从主观上说是注意,从客观上说是统觉(金炳华,2003:7)。康德以其批判哲学的视角认识到以往哲学的局限,重新厘定了理论领域中自我的内涵即先验统觉,为知识夯实了基础。然而先验统觉并没有达到自我的真理性,康德也没有超越知性思维方式的局限,其先验统觉不能为形而上学提供保证,在形而上学建立的过程中起到了消极作用(杨山木,2015:80)。康德之前的自我理论并不能够完全满足康德所理解的知识的确定性要求,康德的先验统觉对知识的构建具有基础性的作用,也为形而上学的确立划定了界限。 定义来源[1] 廖盖隆,孙连成,陈有进.马克思主义百科要览·上卷[Z].人民日报出版社,1993. 例句1. 先验统觉思想或存在思想能让哲学家满意,只要他们发现那些概念与他们自己的思想同一。我们一旦原则上摒弃了这种同一性,作为终极的概念的寂静,就会在同一性的垮台中被吞噬。因为任一普遍概念的基本特性都会在独特实体面前消散,总体哲学不再有希望。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:126 1. The thoughts of transcendental apperception or of Being could satisfy philosophers as long as they found those concepts identical with their own thoughts. Once we dismiss such identity in principle, the peace of the concept as an Ultimate will be engulfed in the fall of the identity. Since the basic character of every general concept dissolves in the face of distinct entity, a total philosophy is no longer to be hoped for. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 81. 2. 在思维面对的对象和内容的尺度上,阿多诺与黑格尔、海德格尔相反,坚持认为一切观念抽象的前提当然是一定的事件,所以他说,“‘某事’是作为任何概念——包括存在的概念——的思想不可缺少的基础”。黑格尔因绝对观念的意识统觉而反对感性意谓的某事,海德格尔因要求本真的存在,而玩弄此在的在世(沉沦)关联,拒斥石化的存在者,这是一种通深度耕过追求观念的绝对形式来摆脱思想内容的幻想。——《文本的耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:19 2. Contrary to Hegel and Heidegger in terms of the object and the dimension of thought, Adorno insists that the premise of all abstract concepts is Something. Thus, he refers to “Something” as “a cogitatively, indispensable substrate of any concept, including the concept of Being.” Hegel rejects the sensible “something” due to his belief in the absolute apperception of consciousness. Heidegger, in his pursuit of an originary Being, plays with this Being in the world (or falling into the world), excluding the petrified entities. His pursuit of an absolute form that might enable the thinking to shake off the subject-matter is illusionary. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 38-39. 3. 并且,在传统唯心主义中,由于中介性往往是与主观性相关联的,中介直接就等于概念。如上所述,中介的概念性实际上也就是本质性的:“中介是本质的,概念本身按其本性直接就是中介。”因此,由于这种对中介性的唯心主义发现,也就建立了概念(主体)同一性的绝对统治,所有被中介物被奴役实属必然。黑格尔就是从感性意谓被自我意识所中介(构成统觉)开始,最后指认理念的绝对中介性来建立自己的绝对观念王国的。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:45-46 3. Furthermore, in traditional idealism, since indirectness is always connected with subjectivity, indirectness is equal to concept. As mentioned above, the conceptuality of indirectness is essentialist: indirectness is essential, and the concept itself is indirect by its immediate nature. Therefore, due to the findings of the idealism in indirectness, the absolute rule of the conceptual (subjective) identity is thus established. The enslavement of all the indirect is then inevitable. Hegel starts from subjective referent's being mediated by self-consciousness (and turned into apperception), and finally identifies idea with absolute. indirectness so as to establish his kingdom of the absolute idea. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 74-75. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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