字词 | 权威类型 |
释义 | 权威类型【英】Tripartite classification of authority译文来源Tripartite classification of authority.via:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority 定义德国韦伯用语,意指存在于社会中的统治者与被统治者之间关系的不同形式。他在《经济与社会》(1922)一书中提出了这一概念。韦伯认为权威系统由一些具有权威并发布命令的人和另一些有责任服从的人构成。家庭、宗教、商业、国家都有可能成为权威系统。权威可由暴力维持,但也须有一定的合法性。权威可以分为传统型、感召型和法理型,它们分别以传统行动、感情行动、理性行动为动力。传统型权威以常规和传统的合理性取得人们的服从,如君权神授下的皇帝,他们依赖于宗教组织或封建系统,任人唯亲,个人效忠,这种统治形式没有合理的上下级关系,没有科层制与奖励制度。感召型权威是由领袖人物感人的超凡魅力、神授的能力产生的权威,这种领袖人物不承认任何规则、习惯与传统,而是作为一个教主或一个革命者出现,耶稣可作为代表。法理型权威是西方资本主义社会所实行的体制,它以法律和理性为权威,以法律规范对社会实行有计划、有预测的管理,它不依赖于领袖的品质或传统的信奉,而是依赖于不以个人感情为转移的法则。有权者颁布法令,也能让人遵守法令。认为这种权威第一次把人与权力分开,权力归于职位而非属于人。统治者按照法律而取得权力。韦伯肯定法理型权威,认为它是稳定的合理的统治形式(冯契,2001:1150)。 定义来源冯契.哲学大辞典(修订本)[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001. 例句1. 最后,卢森堡抨击了那种认为工会和党享有“平等权威”的思想。工会是整个运动的一部分,但从非常特定的意义来说,工会运动不是与其领导人相一致的,而是“存在于已被争取过来进行阶级斗争的无产阶级群众的意识之中的事物”。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:47 1. Lastly, Luxemburg attacked the idea of the ‘equal authority’ of the trade unions and the Party. The trade unions were a part of the whole movement, but in a very specific sense: the trade union movement was not to be identified with its leaders, but was what ‘lives in the consciousness of the masses of proletarians who have been won for the class struggle’. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 53. 2. 第二种是托洛茨基的观点,他认为工会只应是政治权威的一种工具。列宁则在反对官僚主义的斗争中赋予工会以某种独立性,但他的意见最后并没有占上风。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:101 2. Secondly, there was the view of Trotsky that the trade unions should be simply an arm of political authority. Lenin accorded the trade unions certain independence in the struggle against bureaucracy, but his view did not ultimately prevail. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 110. 3. 列宁当时处于极少数派地位,而波格丹诺夫则被选为该派发言人。于是,波格丹诺夫和他的朋友们开始把他们的影响扩大到俄罗斯以外,并在卡普里岛的高尔基住宅为党的活动分子建立了一所布尔什维克学校。因此列宁被迫去削弱波格丹诺夫(以及左派敌于们)的权威,以便重新确立他本人的统治地位。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:105 3. Lenin was in a small minority and Bogdanov was chosen as spokesman for the faction. Bogdanov and his friends then began to extend their influence outside Russia and established a Bolshevik school for Party activists at Gorki’s house in Capri. Lenin was thus forced to undermine Bogdanov’s authority—and with it his Left opponents—in order to reassert his own control. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 113. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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