《历史与阶级意识》【英】

History and Class Consciousness

译文来源

[1] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectic [M]. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1971.
[2] History and Class Consciousness.via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness

定义

《历史与阶级意识》副标题《马克思主义辩证法的研究》。匈牙利卢卡奇著。1923年出版。由“什么是正统马克思主义?”(1919)、“历史唯物主义的变化着的功能”(1919)、“阶级意识”(1920)、“合法性和非合法性”(1920)、“卢森堡的马克思主义”(1921)、“物化和无产阶级意识”(1922)、“对罗莎·卢森堡的‘俄国革命批判’的批判性考察”(1922)、“关于组织问题的方法论”(1922)等8篇文章组成。该书是作者对1919年匈牙利革命以及其他一些国家无产阶级革命所作的理论上的总结。其中“物化和无产阶级意识”占全书篇幅一半以上。该书抓住资本主义社会的现实问题，提出了物化、总体性、主客体辩证法、阶级意识和主导权等概念，同时针对马克思列宁主义哲学基础中的两个根本理论——反映论和自然辩证法提出了不同见解，认为反映论以一种非辩证的方式把思维同存在分割开来。恩格斯的自然辩证法，缺漏了辩证法的关键性的决定因素，即主体和客体的相互作用，理论和实践的统一等。该书对整个“西方马克思主义”思潮的形成和发展产生了重大影响，有人把它称之为“西方共产主义的圣经”。该书曾受到布哈林和季诺维也夫的批评。以后，卢卡奇在苏联期间，多次就这部著作作了自我批评，承认它受到新康德主义、新黑格尔主义、生命哲学等种种资产阶级思潮的影响，在理论上是唯心主义的，背离了马克思主义的路线等。1968年该书再版，卢卡奇以1967年写的《我对〈历史和阶级意识〉的新认识》作为新版序言，既肯定了这部著作产生的广泛的影响，也就物化概念与异化概念的差别、总体性凌驾于经济功能之上、自然辩证法和反映论等问题作了自我批评，进一步澄清了一些重要的理论见解。（金炳华，2003：983）

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 《历史与阶级意识》诞生于这个转变时期的危机之中。它写作于1922年。它一部分是经过修改的早起文章；除已提到的写于1919年的那两篇外，还有1920年的论文《阶级意识》。两篇关于罗莎·卢森堡的论文以及《合法性和非法性》在新集子中未做重大改动。只有两篇文章，也是最重要的两篇，是全新的，它们是《物化和无产阶级意识》和《关于组织问题的方法论》。（后者是在《革命运动的组织问题》一文的基础上写成的，此文曾于1921年三月行动后补救发表在《国际》杂志上）。这样，《历史与阶级意识》就是我从大战最后两年开始的发展时期的最后结算。自然，这种结算至少在某种程度上已包含向更清晰状况转变的趋向，尽管这些趋向不可能真正成熟起来。——《历史与阶级意识：关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：9-10

1. History and Class Consciousness was born in the midst of the crises of this traditional period. It was written in 1922. It consisted in part of earlier texts in a revised form; in addition to those already mentioned there was the essay on Class Consciousness of 1920. The two essays on Rose Luxemburg and Legality and Illegality were included in the new collection without significant alternations. Only two studies, the most important ones, were wholly new: Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat and Towards a Methodology of the Problem of Organisation. (The latter was based on Organisation Problems of the Revolutionary Movement, an essay that had appeared in the magazine The International in 1921 immediately after the March Action.) History and Class Consciousness is, then, the final synthesis of the period of my development that began with the last years of the war. However, it is also in part the start of a transitional stage leading a greater clarity, even though these tendencies could not mature properly. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectic, 1971: xvi.

2. 《历史与阶级意识》代表了当时想要通过更新和发展黑格尔的辩证法和方法论来恢复马克思理论的革命本质的也是最激进的尝试。由于当时资产阶级哲学对黑格尔正表现出越来越大的兴趣，这一任务甚至变得更加重要。当然，资产阶级哲学家们从未能一方面使黑格尔与康德在哲学上的决裂成为他们分析的基础。另一方面，他们在狄尔泰的影响下，企图在理论上把黑格尔的辩证法与现代非理性主义联结起来。《历史与阶级意识》问世不久，克隆纳便将黑格尔描绘成一切时代中最大的非理性主义者；而在勒维特稍后的研究中，马克思和克尔凯郭尔又成了从黑格尔主义解体中出现的两种平行的现象。只有与所有这些发展相对照，我们才能看到《历史与阶级意识》所提出的问题是多么迫切。——《历史与阶级意识：关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：16

2. History and Class Consciousness represents what was perhaps the most radical attempt to restore the revolutionary nature of Marx’s theories by renovating and extending Hegel’s dialectics and method. The task was made even more important by the fact that bourgeois philosophy at the time showed signs of a growing interest in Hegel. Of course they never succeeded in making Hegel’s breach with Kant the foundation of their analysis and, on the other hand, they were influenced by Dilthey’s attempts to construct theoretical bridges between Hegelian dialects and modern irrationalism. A little while after the appearance of History and Class Consciousness Kroner described Hegel as the greatest irrationalist of all time and in Löwith’s later studies Marx and Kierkegaard were to emerge as parallel phenomena out of the dissolution of Hegelianism. It is by contrast with all these developments that we can best see the relevance of History and Class Consciousness. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectic, 1971: xxi.

3. 革命的批判的主-客体辩证法：在《历史与阶级意识》一书中，青年卢卡奇明确指认辩证法的“决定性因素”是“主体和客体的相互作用，理论和实践的统一”。这也就指认了一种理论逻辑上的预设，即辩证法仅仅是一种主体对客体进行改造的历史理论。因为，外在于人类主体的物质自然界显然不存在自觉的实践主体。——《文本的深度耕犁：后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》，2007：3

3. Revolutionary and Critical Dialectics between the Subject-Object Relationship: In History and Class Consciousness, Lukács defines demonstrably “the crucial determinants” of dialectics “the interaction of Subject and Object, the unity of theory with practice.” He thus confirms a logical presupposition that dialectics is no more than a historical theory of a way how the Subject transforms the Object. The reason is that, there are not any self-conscious subjects in the materialist nature which is external to human subject. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts from Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 15-16.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
在《历史与阶级意识》一书中，卢卡奇不仅论述了他对马克思主义及其辩证法本质的一系列重大问题的理解，提供了他对历史与物化问题的解释，而且提出了无产阶级意识并推演出关于无产阶级的革命理论。——“卢卡奇‘革命推演’的显性逻辑与隐性逻辑——论《历史与阶级意识》的革命理论”，载于《河北学刊》2015年第1期
In the book of History and Class Consciousness，Lukacs not only discussed a range of significant issues as the essence of Marxist, the dialectics of Marx, provided his interpretation of history and physical problems, but raised proletarian awareness and deduced the revolutionary theory for the proletariat.

例句 2：
《历史与阶级意识》的现代性批判理论具有丰厚的思想历史源流，大致包含黑格尔的精神辩证法及其思辨的“现代性话语”，马克斯·韦伯的基于“合理性”理论对现代性的“病理学诊断”以及马克思《资本论》关于“商品拜物教”的理论。——“卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》的现代性批判理论探析”，载于《当代国外马克思主义》2008年第00期
Theory of modernity critique in Lukacs’ History and Class Consciousness has many stream of thoughts, mainly including Hegel’s dialectics of mind and its speculative modernity discourse, and Marx’s Weber’s pathological diagnoses based upon the theory of rationality, and Marx’s theory of commodity fetishism in his Capital.

例句 3：
《历史与阶级意识》开创了西方马克思主义，而关于西方马克思主义是“失败的产物”与“列宁主义冲突”、“物化批判”等思想形象反过来构成了解读《历史与阶级意识》的主导话语。—— “当代激进政治哲学视域中的《历史与阶级意识》”，载于《安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2013年第4期
History and Class Consciousness creates the Western Marxism, while the thought of Western Marxism, which is the product of “failure”, “conflict with Leninism”, “critique of reification”, is in turn the key