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字词 必要条件
释义

必要条件【英】

essential condition; indispensable condition; necessary condition

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1996: 749.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 2009: 24.
[3] Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. via: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/necessary-sufficient/

定义

形式逻辑中的一个假言判断。唯物辩证法认为,世界上的事物都是相互依赖、相互制约的,任何事物都是依赖于一定条件而存在着,离开事所物依赖的条件就没有事物的存在,事物的条件联系具有普遍性。如果我们在事物的普遍的联系中任意地抽出两个事物,用p和q来表示,那么p和q之间不外乎下列四种条件联系:充分必要条件联系、充分不必要条件联系、必要不充分条件联系和不必要不充分条件联系。必要条件则是,如无p必无q,那么p就是q的必要条件。在必要条件中,包含着两种情况:一种是有p必有q,另一种是有p不必有q,前者是必要充分条件,后者是必要不充分条件。必要充分条件和必要不充分条件是必要条件这类中的两个子类。如果我们把“必要条件”作为一个概念来分析,“必要条件”则是“必要充分条件”和“必要不充分条件”的抽象和概括,在“必要条件”中,抽象概括了“必要充分条件”和“必要不充分条件”的共同性,这个共同性就是“无p必无q”,这个共同性构成了“必要条件”的唯一内涵。至于“有p必有q”和“有p不必有q”,则是“必要充分条件”和“必要不充分条件”的各自的特殊性,这些特殊性在抽象概括的过程中被舍去,排除在“必要条件”内涵之外。“必要充分条件”和“必要不充分条件”是“必要条件”这一属概念下的两个并列的种概念,前两者外延之和等于后者的外延(中国逻辑学会形式逻辑研究会,1985:155-159)。

定义来源

中国逻辑学会形式逻辑研究会.形式逻辑研究[M].湖南人民出版社,1985:155-159.

例句

1. 拉康从他的特别人性化的角度对欺骗所作的定义,我们用真相本身来欺骗大写的他者:在一个一切人都在面具后面寻找真实的面容的世界里,让他们误入歧途的最佳方法是把真相本身作为百具戴上。但是,我们不可能使真相与面具保持吻合。吻合不可能使我们获得一种“与我们的同伴亲密无间的接触”它使这种状况变得无法忍受,所有的交往由于我们赤裸裸的面面相觑而变得不可能。在现象与隐蔽的后台之间保持最小限度的距离是成功交往的必要条件。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:402

1. This is, of course, the very Lacanian definition of deception in its specifically human dimension, where we deceive the Other by means of the truth itself: in a universe in which all are looking for the true face beneath the mask, the best way to lead them astray is to wear the mask of truth itself. But it is impossible to maintain the coincidence of mask and truth: far from gaining us a kind of immediate contract with our fellow-men, this coincidence renders the situation unbearable; all communication is impossible because we are totally isolated through the very disclosure—the sine quα non of successful communication is a minimum of distance between appearance and it hidden rear. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 514.

2. 劳动者对他的生产资料的私有权是小生产的基础,而小生产又是发展社会生产和劳动者本人的自由个性的必要条件。诚然,这种生产方式在奴隶制度、农奴制度以及其他从属关系中也是存在的。但是,只有在劳动者是自己使用的劳动条件的自由私有者,农民是自己耕种的土地的自由私有者,手工业者是自己运用自如的工具的自由私有者的地方,它才得到充分发展,才显示出它的全部力量,才获得适当的典型的形式。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)》,1972:830

2. The private property of the labourer in his means of production is the foundation of petty industry, whether agricultural, manufacturing, or both; petty industry, again, is an essential condition for the development of social production and of the free individuality of the labourer himself. Of course, this petty mode of production exists also under slavery, serfdom, and other states of dependence. But it flourishes, it lets loose its whole energy, it attains its adequate classical form, only where the labourer is the private owner of his own means of labour set in action by himself: the peasant of the land which he cultivates, the artisan of the tool which he handles as a virtuoso. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 35), 1996: 749.

3. 参加临时革命政府的必要条件是:党对自己的全权代表进行严格的监督,并坚定不移地保持社会民主党的独立性,因为社会民主党力求实现彻底的社会主义革命,就这一点说,它同一切资产阶级政党是不可调和地敌对的。——《列宁全集(第十一卷)》,1987:8

3. That an indispensable condition for such participation is strict control of its representatives by the Party, and the constant safeguarding of the independence of Social-Democracy which strives for the complete socialist revolution, and, consequently, is irreconcilably opposed to all the bourgeois parties. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9), 2009: 24.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
矿产资源及其开发利用与经济发展关系密切,矿产品总量与国内秤总值存在着正相关的数量依存关系,无论是工业化经济时工,还是知识(科业)经济时工,矿产资源的可持续利用都是经济可持续发展的必要条件。——“矿产资源与经济发展”,载于《成都理工学院学报》2000年增刊
The exploitation and utilization of mineral resources are closely related to the economic development. The total number of mineral product is directly proportional to the gross national product and the sustainable utilization of mineral resources is the essential condition for the sustainable development of economy.

例句 2:
在实验一中,使用条件命题前后件之间没有意义联系的抽象材料,考察大学生被试对充分条件推理、必要条件推理和充要条件推理的语义理解以及三种条件句种类各自的特点,并对这三种推理做出比较。——《条件句种类对条件推理的影响》,陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2011
In the first experiment, examined the semantic understanding and characteristics of three kinds of conditional reasoning sufficient conditional reasoning, necessary conditional reasoning, necessary and sufficient conditional reasoning tested to the college students through using nonsense materials without meaningful relationship between antecedent and consequent conditional propositions, and compared the three kinds of reasoning.

例句 3:
传统民本思想是中国传统政治思想的一个主题。它起源于先秦,形成于两汉,完备于隋唐,衰落于明清。传统民本思想既与现代民主思想有着本质区别,又是中国人在观念上走向现代民主思想的起点。树立人民群众创造历史的唯物主义观点,建立社会主义市场经济体制,社会主义民主的制度化、法律化,赋予民本思想时代新含义,分别是传统民本思想转化为现代民主思想的根本条件、必要条件、关键环节和重要途径。——“传统民本思想向现代民主思想的转化”,载于《山东师大学报(社会科学版)》2000年第5期
The traditional ideology of people-as-found

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