字词 | 必然与自由 |
释义 | 必然与自由【英】necessity and freedom译文来源[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:271. 定义必然和自由是唯物辩证法所揭示的客观规律和人们对客观世界的认识、改造的一对哲学范畴。必然是指事物发展不以人的意志为转移的的客观规律性,也就是说事物本质所规定的联系和趋势;自由是人们对必然性的认识和对客观世界的改造(刘炳瑛,1988:196)。最早接触到必然与自由的关系的是古希腊哲学家赫拉克利特提。笛卡儿从二元论出发,把自由与必然对立起来,认为我们在接近真理时,并非出于必然,而是出于自由。荷兰斯宾诺莎对笛卡尔进行批判,认为人类合理的行为才是自由的,自由的程度取决于行为合理的程度,试图把必然与自由统一起来。18世纪的法国唯物主义哲学家大多对自由采取否定的态度,带有机械的宿命论的色彩。英国休谟否认客观的必然性,宣扬唯意志论。德国黑格尔论述了自由与必然的辩证关系,认为自由本质上是具体的,同时又是必然的,并认为从外面决定的必然性是外在的必然性,而非内在的必然性,内在的必然性就是自由(冯契等,2008:40)。“马克思主义哲学认为,必然和自由是对立的的统一。人们认识客观规律之前,处于盲目地受它支配的地位,但一旦认识了它,并根据认识了的规律去能动的改造世界,就获得了自由从必然王国到自由王国的飞跃,唯一正确的途径是实践”(刘炳瑛,1988:196)。在必然与自由的关系问题上,如果过度夸大自由,否认客观必然性,就会导致唯意志论;如果否认人类的能动性,否认自由,则会导致宿命论(冯契等,2008:40)。 定义来源[1] 冯契,徐孝通.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2008:40. 例句1. 马克思明确认为,只有在必然王国的土壤中,它才能欣欣向荣。虽然希望游戏超越劳动,但游戏只是劳动的延续,游戏始终不过是对劳动强制性的审美升化。运用这个概念,我们永远处于必然与自由的问题式中,这是典型的资产阶级问题式,它的双重意识形态表现(压抑和升化,劳动的原则)已经成为现实原则的规定,对这一原则的形式克服就是理想的超然状态。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:223 1. Marx clearly states that it can flourish only when founded on the reign of necessity. Wishing itself beyond labor but in its continuation, the sphere of play is always merely the esthetic sublimation of labor's constraints. With this concept we remain rooted in the problematic of necessity and freedom, a typically bourgeois problematic whose double ideological expression has always been the institution of a reality principle (repression and sublimation, the principle of labor) and its formal overcoming in an ideal transcendence. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 300. 2. 第三,现象和本盾的分裂(这种分裂在康德那儿是和必然与自由的分裂)没有得到解决,也没有以它们的统一促进建立世界的统一,而是被带进主体自身之中:连主体也被分裂为现象和本体,而自由和必然的未被解决的、不可解决的、因此永恒化了的分裂进入到了主体最内在的结构之中。——《历史与阶级意识:关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》,1996:195 2. Thirdly, this ensures that the hiatus between appearance and essence (which in Kant coincides with that between necessity and freedom) is not bridged and does not, therefore, give way to a manufactured unity with which to establish the unity of the world. Even worse than that: the duality is itself introduced into the subject. Even the subject is split into phenomenon and noumenon and the unresolved, insoluble and henceforth permanent conflict between freedom and necessity now invades its innermost structure. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 124. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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