字词 | 交换 |
释义 | 交换【英】exchange译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1973: 110. 定义指人们相互交换活动和劳动产品的过程。广义的交换分为生产过程中的交换和消费品的交换。任何社会的再生产过程都包括生产、分配、交换和消费四个环节。交换表现为生产、分配和消费的媒介。生产决定交换,这表现在没有生产就没有交换;生产的性质决定交换的性质,私人的生产决定私人的交换,交换的规模和方式由生产的发展和结构决定。另一方面,交换对生产具有反作用,推动或限制生产的发展。(卢之超,1993:318-319)交换和生产的关系具体体现为:一方面,生产居于主导地位,生产决定交换。没有生产就没有交换,因为人们只能交换已经生产出来的劳动产品。其次,生产的社会性质决定交换的社会性质,有什么样的生产关系就有什么样的交换关系。建立在生产资料私有制基础上的私人的生产,决定交换也具有私人性质。资本主义生产过程是剩余价值的生产过程,决定资本主义的交换过程是剩余价值的实现过程。建立在生产资料公有制基础上的社会主义生产,决定社会主义商品交换成为有计划地分配消费品和生产资料的渠道,成为联系国民经济各部门、各地区和城乡之间的强有力的纽带。最后,生产还决定交换的对象,交换的深度和广度,交换的方式。另一方面,交换也反作用于生产,会促进或阻碍生产的发展。当市场扩大时,生产的规模和分工也就扩大(许征帆,1987:459)。 定义来源[1] 卢之超.马克思主义大辞典[Z].中国和平出版社,1993. 例句1. 正如正统的神学家所认为的,整个世界都可以归结为“宗教和神学”。(他也可以如法泡制,把世界归结为政治、政治经济学等等,并且可以把神学譬如说叫做天上的政治经济学,因为,它是一门关于“精神财富”和天国财宝的生产、分配、交换和消费的学问!)同样,在激进的批判的神学家看来,世界解放自身的能力只不过是把“宗教和神学”当做“宗教和神学”加以批判的抽象能力。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:141 1. For the orthodox theologian the whole world is dissolved in “religion and theology”. (He could just as well dissolve it in politics, political economy, etc., and call theology heavenly political economy, for example, since it is the theory of the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of “spiritual wealth” and of the treasures of heaven!) Similarly, for the radical, Critical theologian, the ability of the world to achieve freedom, is dissolved in the single abstract ability to criticise “religion and theology” as “religion and theology”. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 110. 2. 在资本主义社会化物质大生 产的发展过程中,分工和交换所形成的生活条件必然导致人的社会劳动关系(类)的客观外在化(价值),以及资本主义市场条件下进一步的物役性颠倒关系(资本),因此也就历史地构筑了有史以来在社会生活方面最复杂的社会层面和内在结构,这必然形成独特的非直接性的历史认识论的全新哲学基础。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:21 2. Marx goes on to argue that in the developmental process of socialized material large-scale production in capitalist society, the living conditions established by the division of labor and exchange inevitably lead to the objective externalization (value) of man’s social labor relationships (species), as well as, under the conditions of the capitalist market, a further inverted relationship defined by enslavement to material (capital).Thus came the formation of the most complex stratum of the internal structure of social life in history, which inevitably laid a new philosophical foundation for a unique, indirect historical epistemology. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 37. 3. 以商业的由来为探讨的起点,杜尔哥一步步分析了交换中的评价原则,价值尺度的“平均估价”所产生的理想性的货币,以及金属货币的发生。最后,他直接说明一个 道理,“使用货币的实践大大促进了不同社会成员之间各种不同劳动的 分工”,当货币越来越能代表一切物品的时候, 每个人就能专门地从事某种工作,“货币的使用大大地加速了社会的发展”。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:38 3. Beginning his investigation with the historical emergence of commerce, Turgot analyzes the principles of value evaluation in exchange, the idealized money produced by value measures (“mean valuations”), as well as the advent of metal money. Finally, Turgot explains the truth that “the use of money has much facilitated the separation of different labors among the different orders of society” (this is the title of the 48th section of his book). As money is more and more able to represent all goods, each member of society is able to specialize in one form of work, concluding that, “The use of money has prodigiously hastened the development of society. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 13. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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