字词 | 真理 |
释义 | 真理【英】truth译文来源[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:1937. 定义真理,与“谬误”或“错误”相对,是指认识主体对认识客体的本质及其规律的正确反映。真理在不同时期具有不同的具体内容,在古希腊,真理这一术语是指公开展现在人的理智之前的东西,具有确实、符合事实的意思。在中国古代哲学,真理即“是”,与“非”相对,用来表述认识的真实性。在马克思主义产生以前,唯物主义者从物质世界的客观性和世界的可知性出发,认为真理就是人的意识和客观事物相符合。唯心主义者否认物质世界的客观实在性,认为意识、思维是本原,因而认为真理是某种精神实体自身的属性,是意识、思维同自身的同一。马克思主义哲学产生以后,“以实践为基础,把唯物主义和辩证法的统一贯穿于对真理的理解之中,建立了既同唯心主义真理观相对立,又同以前的旧唯物主义的真理观相区别的惟一科学的真理观。”(金炳华,2003:219)。马克思主义哲学认为:真理是客观的;真理的实质在于主体的认识和客观对象的本质、规律的一致,是理论思维对客观现实具体的复制和再现;真理是具体的、全面的,是人们在思维过程中把客观现实的具体事物和具体过程当作一个对立统一的整体来把握;真理既是绝对的,又是相对的,是绝对与相对的统一;真理与谬误是相互斗争、相互联系的对立统一体,二者在一定条件下可以相互转化;实践是检验真理的唯一标准;真理具有科学属性和价值属性,是认识主体对认识客体的正确认识,具有满足主体的需要和指导主体正确实践的功能,是科学性和价值性的统一。 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 那些主要不是干预生活本身,而是从事抽象真理的研究的职业,对于还没有确立坚定的原则和牢固的、不可动摇的信念的青年是最危险的,当然,如果这些职业在我们心里深深地扎下了根,如果我们能够为它们的主导思想而牺牲生命、竭尽全力,这些职业看来还是最高尚的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第一卷下)》,1960:458-459 1. Those professions which are not so much involved in life itself as concerned with abstract truths are the most dangerous for the young man whose principles are not yet firm and whose convictions are not yet strong and unshakeable. At the same time these professions may seem to be the most exalted if they have taken deep root in our hearts and if we are capable of sacrificing our lives and all endeavours for the ideas which prevail in them. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1975: 8. 2. 在我那本现在(1899年3月)已经印好的《论俄国资本主义发展的问题》(《关于大工业的国内市场及其在俄国的形成过程》)里面,我提出的并不是关于市场理论的问题,而是关于俄国资本主义的国内市场问题。因此,理论的抽象真理在那里只是起着指导性原理的作用,只是起着分析具体材料的工具的作用。——《列宁全集(第四卷)》,1984:75 2. In my book, On the Question of the Development of Capitalism in Russia (“The Home Market for Large-Scale Industry and the Process of Its Formation in Russia”), the printing of which has now (March 1899) been completed, I did not raise the question of the market theory but of a home market for Russian capitalism. In this case, therefore, the abstract truths of theory play only the role of guiding principles, a means of analysing concrete data. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 4), 1977: 89. 3. 绝对的批判下诏把这批轻装部队称为“我们的圣徒”、我们的“先知”、“主教”等等(见“轶文集”第二卷第89页)。这在当时自然也只能是一种“失误”,不过是“适宜的失误”。谁能够把轻装部队称为“主教”的部队呢?批判热情地谈论以“毕生的精力来思考、探讨和研究真理”的这批轻装部队所表现的自我牺牲精神、道德毅力和热忱,这又是一个“适宜的”失误。它在“基督教真相”一书的序言中声称,这批“轻装”部队“是不可战胜的”每个博学的人都事先保证说,他们一定会把整个世界翻转过来”“他们似乎是毫无疑问地真正能够赋予世界以新的面貌”,这也是一个“失误”。谁能够赋予世界以新的面貌呢?这批轻装部队能够吗?——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:194 3. Of course it was only “an oversight” then too, but an “opportune” one, when the Absolute Critical All-high itself (cf. “Anekdota”, Book II, p.89) a called those light troops “our saints” “our “prophets”, “patriarchs”, etc. Who would call light troops a troop of “patriarchs”? It was an “opportune” oversight when it spoke with enthusiasm of the self-denial, moral energy and inspiration with which these light troops “thought,worked-and studied-throughout their lives for the truth” It was an “oversight” when,in the preface to Das entdeckte Christenthum, it was stated that these “light” troops “seemed invincible and any one well-informed would have wagered that they would put the world out of joint” and that “it seemed beyond doubt that they would succeed in giving the world a new shape”. Those light troops? -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 152. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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