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字词 物质实体
释义

物质实体【英】

material substance

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:81.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986: 147.

定义

西方哲学史用语。古希腊亚里士多德曾提出第一实体的思想,认为实体是事物原初的底层、基质,第一实体是不依赖任何主体而独立存在的东西,即具体的个别事物(金炳华,2003:81)。亚里士多德认为实体具有两个方面的含义:“或者作为从不述说它物的终极主体;或者是作为可分离的这个而存在,即每一个体的形状和形式”(亚里士多德,2000:118)。最早提出物质实体的是笛卡儿。他认为实体是指“能自己存在”,其存在并不需要别的事物的一种事物。物质实体具有广延属性,即有长宽高三向度,是一种有形体无思想的东西,并且是无限的。认为物质实体是“被造的实体”,只有上帝才是真正“绝对独立的实体”。洛克受上述思想影响,把实体看成是各种可感性质和心理活动的基质或支撑。他认为我们通过经验感觉到的感性性质是不能独立存在的,它们只有依附在一定的基质之上,才能构成独立存在的个别的特殊事物。但又认为我们所能经验到的只是事物的各种可感性质,至于事物的实在本质即内部构造,以及这种内部构造和可感性质的关系都是经验不到的,是不可知的(金炳华,2003:81)。洛克的物质实体有两个主要特征:首先,从本体论上看,它们是一个具有某些性质(他有时也称简单性质、简单观念式偶性)的物,或者说是它们的“支托”或“基质”。更具体地讲,物质实体就是某些第一性的质,如广延、形状、运动之类的支托或基质,这些性质寓于这个支托中,依赖它而存在。其次,从认识论上看,我们无法在心灵中形成关于它的本质的任何清楚明白的观念,因而它是一种我们不知道究竟是什么的物。换言之,我们可以根据广延、大小等性质的存在而推知某个支托物的存在,但由于人的感官不能观察到它,理性知识又是依赖于感觉经验的,所以我们无从知道这个作为性质的支托的实体的本质。洛克指出:“人们永远推想,实体之为物,除了广延、形相、不可入性、运动、思想或别的可观察到的观念以外,还有别的东西,只是不知道究竟是什么罢了”(洛克,1959:267)。总而言之,洛克从本体论上断定物质实体的存在,同时又从认识论上否定了对它的可知性(傅有德,1988:56)。可见,洛克的物质实体学说是站不住脚的。

定义来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.
[2] 亚里士多德.亚里士多德选集——形而上学卷[M].苗力田译.人民大学出版社,2000.
[3] 洛克.人类理智论[M].商务印书馆,1959.
[4] 傅有德.洛克的物质实体学说与巴克莱的批判[J].哲学研究,1988(10).

例句

1. 人的存在本质上是一种感性活动(这是对《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的补充,那里只说明对象应被理解为感性活动),即实践的社会历史性的物质活动存在,以及由这种历史活动造成的一定的生活条件和社会关系,正是这种特定的社会关系建构着现实的人的历史本质。也是在这个意义上,孙伯揆教授才深刻地指认历史唯物主义中的“物”不是实体存在,而是客观的社会活动和关系。在马克思的历史唯物主义中,社会存在的主体不是传统哲学解释框架中的“地理环境”和“人口”这样的物质实体对象,而是实践的历史活动。这样,实践的历史活动就同时成为人类周围的自然界和人本身的存在基础。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:413-414

1. The more important aspect of man’s existence is perceptual activity (this is an addition to Theses on Feuerbach, which only explains that objects should be understood as perceptual activity), which is practical, social historical, material, active existence, as well as the particular living conditions and social relations created by this historical activity. It is precisely these particular social relations that form the historical essence of men in reality. It is in this sense that Professor Sun Bokui was able to profoundly realize that the “material” in historical materialism did not refer to substantive existence, but rather to objective social activity and relations. In Marx’s historical materialism, the subject of social existence does not refer to the material substantive objects discussed in the traditional philosophical interpretative framework, such as “geographical environment” and “population;” rather, it refers to practical historical activity. Thus practical historical activity becomes the foundation for both the natural world surrounding man, as well as for man himself. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 144.

2. 因此,货币只有在流通中才是这种物质符号;货币一旦脱离流通便又成为已实现的价格;但是,在这一过程中,正如我们所看到的,货币单位的这一物质符号的量,这一符号的数目是重要的。因此,在货币表现为与商品相对立而存在的东西的流通中,货币的物质实体,它作为一定量的金和银的那种基质是无关紧要的,相反,货币的数目却是重要的,因为货币只是代表这些单位的一定数目的一种符号。在货币作为尺度的规定上,货币只存在于观念之中,它的物质基质是重要的,但是它的量,甚至它的存在却是无关紧要的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十六卷上)》,1979:163

2. As such an objective symbol, therefore, money appears only in circulation. Withdrawn from circulation it becomes realised price again; but within the process, as we have seen, the quantity, the number of these objective symbols of the monetary unit is essentially determined. Hence, while in circulation, in which money appears as objectively confronting commodities, its material substance, its basis as a definite quantity of gold or silver, is without significance, its amount, on the contrary, is essentially determined since it is merely a symbol for a definite number of these units. In its determination as measure, in which it was introduced only notionally, its material basis was of essential significance but its quantity and its existence in general were of no consequence. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 147.

3. 但是,劳动生产力的发展间接促使现有资本价值增加,因为它增加了使用价值的数量和种类,而这些使用价值体现同一交换价值,并形成资本的物质实体,物质要素,即那些直接构成不变资本和至少间接构成可变资本的物品。用同一资本和同一劳动会创造出更多的可以转化为资本的物品,而不管它们的交换价值如何。这些物品可以用来吸收追加劳动,从而也可以用来吸收追加的剩余劳动,由此形成追加资本。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十五卷上)》,1974:277

3. Indirectly, however, the development of the productive power of labour contributes to the increase of the value of the existing capital by increasing the mass and variety of use values in which the same exchange value is represented and which form the material substance, i.e., the material elements of capital, the material objects making up the constant capital directly, and the variable capital at least indirectly. More products which may be converted into capital, whatever their exchange value, are created with the same capital and the same labour. These products may serve to absorb additional labour, hence also additional surplus labour, and therefore create additional capital. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 247.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
从本体论层面看,这种彻底的一元论辩证唯物主义关于物质第一性或物质统一性的理论表述,其实质是一种传统的物质实体本体论。——“马克思主义美学的哲学基础及其当代理解——关于‘实践存在论美学’论争的论争”,载于《上海大学学报(社会科学版)》2010年第1期
From the perspective of ontology, its theoretical expression of primary sunstance or material uniformity, is actually a traditional material substance ontology.

例句 2:
在论文中,通过分析物质实体、灵智体与上帝三种存在者的本质和存在,来说明存在使存在者由潜能变为现实。——“存在者的内部结构探究——阿奎那的存在论”,载于《青岛农业大学学报(社会科学版)》2016年第1期
This paper holds that being makes bings realistic, which criticizes Plato’s essentialism by analyzing the essence of material substances, immateral substances and God.

例句 3:
在对个人同一性问题的讨论中,洛克强调个人同一性的标准在于意识而非心灵实体或物质实体的同一性。——“洛克论同一性”,载于《云南大学学报(社会科学版)》2015年第2期
In the analysis of the problems concerning personal identity, John Locke emphasizes the identity of consciousness rather than soul or material substance.

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