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字词 正题
释义

正题【英】

thesis

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:25.
[2] McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 12.

定义

正题,即概念发展过程的“正反合三一式”(又称“三段式”)中的第一阶段。正题、反题、合题“三段式”是由康德首创,康德认为,感性、知性、理性是人所具有的三种先天知识,人就是通过知性先天就具有的十二个范畴来整理感性认识的。他把这十二个范畴分为量、质、关系、样式四组,每组三个。三个范畴之中,第一个是肯定的,第二个是否定的,第三个是前二者的结合,三者依次分别为正题、反题、合题。费希特遵循了康德的“三段式”,用正、反、合的形式来建立自己的哲学体系,认为“绝对自我”作为最高的能动实体,其自身发展具有三个阶段,即“自我设定自己”、“自我设定非我”、“自我与非我的统一”。正题就是第一阶段,即“自我设定自己”,其他两个阶段依次为反题与合题。黑格尔认为,任何概念的发展过程都可以分为正、反、合三个有机联系的阶段或环节,他的发展公式是三段式,第一段是正题,即发展的肯定阶段,第二段是对正题的否定,即反题;第三段是对反题的否定,即否定之否定,亦是合题。黑格尔认为,“具体概念包含一系列对立面相互联系、转化和统一的过程,即从正题经反题到正题反题两者辩证统一合题的发展”(金炳华,2003:25)。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 蒲鲁东认为,过去所有的经济学家都是理论上的弱智,他们只能直观地看到经济学中的正题或者反题,这是由于经济学家都不懂哲学,他们不懂“价值本质是绝对可以调和”的。这种思路又是黑格尔的矛盾之调合一正,反,合。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:478

1. Proudhon believes that all past economists were theoretically weak; they can only directly observe the thesis or antithesis in economics. This is because they do not understand philosophy, nor do they understand that the “character of value […]is eminently harmonious and determinable.” This line of thought reflects Hegel’s resolution of contradiction through the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 374.

2. 恩格斯认为,黑格尔最重大的贡献在于,他是第一个明确阐明辩证法基本规律的思想家。这些规律基本上可以归结为三条:“量转化为质和质转化为量的规律;对立面的相互渗透的规律;否定的否定规律。”显然,只有在极含糊的意义上,这些才可以称作“规律”。(值得注意的是,它们并不是用阐述规律的典型格式表达的,即“一切量若增加到足够程度,就会发生质的变化”。)例如,要识别什么是正题、什么是反题,就很困难。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:9

2. For Engel, Hegel’s most significant contribution had been that he was the first thinker clearly to formulate the principal laws of the dialectic which ‘can be reduced in the main to three: the law of the transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa; the law of the interpenetration of opposites; the law of the negation of the negation’. It is obviously only in the vaguest sense that these could be called ‘laws’. (It may be significant that they are not given the typical formulation of laws, i.e., ‘all quantities when sufficiently increased undergo a qualitative change’.) There is difficulty, for example, identifying what count as a thesis and antithesis. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 12.

3. 从这种视角来看,自然是一个比马克思主义理论所描绘的更为复杂的现象。在马克思主义理论中,正题不可阻挡地走向反题,然后继续走向合题(充其量可能展现出由此及彼的过渡)。只要我们不作任何干涉,我们对于波动函数只有这种类型的可预测性——几乎不适用于上述支要配自然的理论。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:243

3. Viewed from this perspective, nature is a much more complicated phenomenon than it is pictured in Marxist theory, where thesis inexorably leads to antithesis and then on to synthesis (at best the passage from one to the other state may be delayed). We only have this kind of predictability with regard to the wave function as long as we leave it untouched—hardly much use to a theory concerned above all to exert domination over nature. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 155.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
黑格尔是第一个系统论述否定之否定规律的哲学家,他曾用正题、反题、合题来表述这一规律,并形容其途径好似“圆圈”。——“‘三段式’能否概括否定之否定规律”,载于《哈尔滨学院学报》2014年第9期
Hegel is the first philosopher, who expounded the law of negation of negation. He used thesis, antithesis, synthesis to describe this rule, and described its way like a “circle”.

例句 2:
资本主义的剥削是正义的,此为正题;资本主义的剥削是不正义的,此为反题。——“论马克思正义观的二重性与现时代的任务”,载于《学术界》2016年第9期
The thesis is that the exploitation in capitalism is just, and the antithesis is that the exploitation in capitalism is unjust.

例句 3:
西方式的思维的辩证法以正题、反题的正反型为其逻辑原型,而中国式的生命的辩证法则以阴性、阳性的阴阳型为其生理原型。——“身体哲学视野下的中国传统生命辩证法——兼论中西辩证法的理论之辨”,载于《中国人民大学学报》2013年第3期
Secondly, Western “thinking dialectics” adopts “thesis” and “antithesis” as its logical prototype. In contrast, Chinese “life dialectics” regards “yin” and “yang” as its physiological prototype.

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