字词 | 本能冲动(又作非理性的动物精神,动物的本能,天生的乐观精神) |
释义 | 本能冲动(又作非理性的动物精神,动物的本能,天生的乐观精神)【英】animal spirits译文来源[1] 刘伟,梁小民,雎国余,杨云龙.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994:98. 定义本能冲动又称为“非理性的动物精神”。在经济分析中,抛弃用理性的行为和数理模型来解释投资活动,而把投资看作是企业家的本能冲动或突发的怪想的结果。原是生物学中的术语,最先由凯恩斯在其1936年发表的《就业、利息和货币通论》一书中提出并使用的,尔后,由琼•罗滨逊推而广之(宋则行,1995:203)。 定义来源[1] 宋则行.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].辽宁人民出版社,1995. 例句1. 除了投机所造成的经济上的不稳定性以外,人类的本性的特点也会造成不稳定性,因为,我们积极行动的很大一部分系来源于自发的乐观情绪,而不取决于对前景的数学期盼值,不论乐观情绪是否出于伦理、苦乐还是经济上的考虑,我们的大多数决策可能起源于动物的本能——一种自发的从事行动、而不是无所事事的冲动;它不是利益的数量乘以概率后而得到的加权平均数所导致的后果。不论各个企业以何种坦率而真诚的程度来宣称:它们从事经营的主要动机已由企业的组织章程所说明;它们在实际上不过是把他们的动机假装成如此而已。事实上,根据对将来的收益加以精确计算后而作出的经营活动只不过比南极探险的根据稍多一些。因此,如果动物的本能有所减弱而自发的乐观精神又萎靡不振,以致使我们只能以数学期望值作为从事经营的根据时,那末,企业便会萎缩和衰亡——虽然对企业的前景看好和看坏的根据和以前没有什么不同之处。——《就业、利息和货币通论》,1999:165 1. Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than on a mathematical expectation, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spirits--of a spontaneous urge to action rather than inaction, and not as the outcome of a weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities. Enterprise only pretends to itself to be mainly actuated by the statements in its own prospectus, however candid and sincere. Only a little more than an expedition to the South Pole, is it based on an exact calculation of benefits to come. Thus if the animal spirits are dimmed and the spontaneous optimism falters, leaving us to depend on nothing but a mathematical expectation, enterprise will fade and die; --though fears of loss may have a basis no more reasonable than hopes of profit had before. -Quoted from The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, 1936. 2. 我们有把握说,对将来怀有希望而兴办的企业对整个社会有利。但是,只有当合理的计算结果由于动物本能而得到加强和之处时,个人主动性才会大到能兴办企业的地步。在个人主动性得到动物本能的加强和支持下,那种往往使创业者意志消沉而为经验所表明的最终要失败的想法会被放在一边,正如健康的人把对死亡的预期放在一边一样。——《就业、利息和货币通论》,1999:165-166 2. It is safe to say that enterprise which depends on hopes stretching into the future benefits the community as a whole. But individual initiative will only be adequate when reasonable calculation is supplemented and supported by animal spirits, so that the thought of ultimate loss which often overtakes pioneers, as experience undoubtedly tells us and them, is put aside as a healthy man puts aside the expectation of death. -Quoted from The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, 1936. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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