政权【英】

political power

译文来源

Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6): Manifesto of the Communist Party [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976: 498.

定义

政权，又称国家政权，一方面含义指“一定的统治阶级凭借手中的国家机器实行阶级统治的权力。体现这种权力的机构主要是军队、警察、法庭、监狱等”（金炳华，2003：337）；另一方面含义指实现国家权力的各种机关如权力机关、行政机关、审判机关、检察机关和军事警察机关等的统称。政权作为一种国家权力时，具有强制性、主权性和普遍约束力的特点，统治阶级运用政权的力量强迫被统治阶级接受自己的意志和管理；国家具有独立自主地处理内外事务不受外力干扰和控制的权力；国家权力在本国范围内对所有成员和地区都具有普遍约束力。政权是阶级斗争的产物和工具，它有对内和对外两方面的作用和任务：对内镇压被统治阶级的反抗，对他们实行专政，保护统治阶级的根本利益；对外防御外敌入侵，保卫国家领土完整和主权独立。区别政权的性质主要看它镇压谁，保护谁。无产阶级的国家政权不同于历史上一切剥削阶级的政权，它是为了镇压、打击剥削阶级的反抗，保护广大人民群众的根本利益。马克思主义认为，政权问题是一切革命的根本问题，有了政权才有统治权，政权从一个阶级手里转到另一个阶级手里，是实现革命变革的首要的基本的标志。所以对于无产阶级来说，夺取政权只是革命的开始，只有推翻资产阶级政权，才能建立无产阶级专政的社会主义制度，才能完成社会革命。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 所以，在实践方面，共产党人是世界各国工人政党中最坚决的、始终鼓舞大家前进的一部分；在理论方面，他们比其余的无 产阶级群众更善于了解无产阶级运动的条件、进程和一般结果。共产党人的最近目的是和其余一切无产阶级政党的最近目的一样的：使无产阶级形成为阶级，推翻资产阶级的统治，由无产阶级夺取政权。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四卷）：共产党宣言》，1958：479

1. The Communists, therefore, are on the one hand, practically, the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the line of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all the other proletarian parties: formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6): Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1976: 497-498.

2. 虽然马克思曾宣称工人阶级的解放要由自己来实现，但事实却清楚地表明：从马克思本人起，工人阶级的领袖几乎元一例外地都是资产阶级出身。因此，任何人——不管是主张建立高度集权的“先锋队党”以领导工人（否则工人就会对政治抱有极不成熟的看法）的列宁主义者也好，还是主张政权应由工人大会直接授予的自由主义社会党人也好，都可以有恃无恐地宣称自己继承的是马克思主义的真正传统。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：4

2. Although he had declared that the emancipation of the working class would be achieved by the workers themselves, it was clear that their leaders, beginning with Marx himself, would be almost exclusively of bourgeois origin. Thus anyone—from a Leninist proposing a highly centralized ‘vanguard’ party to lead workers (who would otherwise have the most inadequate views about politics) to a libertarian socialist who believed that political power should be vested direct1y in workers’ assemblies—could claim, without fear of refutation, that they were in the true Marxist tradition. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 4.

3. 于是产生了自相矛盾：既然条件永远别想、“成熟”到足以介入的程度，德国社会民主党一般所采取的宿命论态度与无产阶级必然胜利的信念便成为它无所作为的借口。当然，考茨基常常强调组织、宣传和最终夺取政权的必要性，但这些原则在实践生活中往往被磨去了锋芒。在如下一次答复伯恩施坦的一段话中，考茨基的基本立场确实得到了很好的概括“社会民主党的任务不是引起不可避免的灾难，而是尽可能地延迟这种灾难，也就是说，要小心谨慎地避免任何类似挑衅或引发挑衅的事件。” ——《马克思以后的马克思主义》，2008：28-29

3. Paradoxically, therefore, the generally deterministic attitude of the SPD and the belief in the inevitability of a proletarian victory became an argument for inaction as the conditions were never thought to be ‘mature’ enough for intervention. Kautsky did, of course, often emphasise the need for organisation, for propaganda and the eventual taking of political power, but these principles were often glossed over in practical circumstances. Indeed, Kautsky’s fundamental position is well summed up in the following passage from one of his replies to Bernstein: ‘The task of Social Democracy consists, not in bringing about the inevitable catastrophe, but in delaying it as long as possible, that is to say, in avoiding with care anything that could resemble a provocation or the appearance of a provocation.’ -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 33.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
基层社会是构成整个社会的基础，它正常运行与否直接影响着整个国家稳定与繁荣。——《解放战争时期中共东北基层政权建设研究》，吉林大学博士学位论文，2012
The grass-roots society is the basis of the society as a whole; its normal functioning directly affects the stability and prosperity of the entire country.

例句 2：
抗战胜利后，在国共两党举行的重庆谈判中，地方政权问题尤其是解放区政权问题成为谈判的主题，贯穿于谈判的始终。——《重庆谈判期间国共两党关于地方政权问题的论争》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2004

例句 3：
魏晋嬗代的政权交替模式以及东晋立基江左的历史条件是士族得以迅速的定型。——《士族与魏晋新政权》，福建师范大学硕士学位论文，2003