政党【英】

political party

译文来源

Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 11.

定义

政党，指集中代表某一阶级、阶层或集团的意志，并为维护其利益而斗争的政治组织，是阶级中最积极、最有组织的一部分，是该社会集团的领导力量。“政党是阶级斗争发展到一定阶段的产物，又是进行阶级斗争的工具，它对自己所代表的阶级、阶层或集团起程度不同的领导作用和核心作用。”（金炳华，2003：337）。作为一种随资本主义的发展而发生的政治的组织，政党可以分为资产阶级政党和无产阶级政党，各阶级的政党代表本阶级的意志，进行经济的、思想的、政治的以至军事的斗争。历史上最早的资产阶级政党是十七世纪七十年代英国的辉格党和托利党，前者代表资产阶级和新贵族的利益，后者代表封建贵族的利益。在中国，1894年孙中山领导建立的兴中会，是中国资产阶级政党的开端。历史上最早的无产阶级政党的雏形，是马克思、恩格斯于1847年在伦敦建立的共产主义者同盟。巴黎公社后，在马克思主义建党理论原则的指导下，欧洲各国普遍建立了共产党。俄国的布尔什维克党和中国共产党都是无产阶级政党。无产阶级政党是在马克思列宁主义理论武装下的有统一纲领、战略和策略的组织，以实事求是、群众路线等正确路线为指导，以民主集中制和集体领导为原则，强调批评与自我批评，是一个团结统一的、有组织和纪律的、有纯洁性和强大战斗力的先进部队。“只有无产阶级政党才能真正代表无产阶级和广大人民群众的利益和愿望，担负起领导全人类的解放事业。”（金炳华，2003：337）。作为一种阶级斗争的产物，无论是资产阶级政党还是无产阶级政党，都会随着阶级的彻底消灭而消亡。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 因此，当我们说配第是完全站在唯物主义立场上时，还应再追问：这个唯物主义的方法论实质是什么？为了加深对这一问题的理解，我们可以再来看一下配第的如下这种观点。他提出，爱尔兰各种政党之间进行斗争的现实基础并不是他们提出的种种民族的或宗教的口号，而是地产的分配。地产不等于自然土壤，它表征着一个经济所有关系，分配就更是一种经济活动与社会关系了。经济关系本身是无法直观的，而只能通过抽象来把握。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：35

1. Therefore, when we say that Petty stands completely on the side of the materialists, we must ask ourselves, what is the true nature of the methodology of his form of materialism? To answer this question, let us look at another one of Petty’s views. He suggests that the real basis of the political struggles between Ireland’s different political parties was not democratic or religious, but rather was centered on the distribution of land. Unlike land in nature, landed property represents a relationship of economic ownership; therefore, distribution becomes more of an economic activity and a social relationship. These economic relationships are impossible to directly observe, and as such, they can only be understood. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 11.

2. 工人们有时也得到胜利，但是这种胜利只是暂时的。他们斗争的真实成果并不是直接得到的成效，而是工人们的越来越大的 团结。促进这种团结的，是由大工业所造成的愈益发达的交通工具，因为这种交通工具使各地工人彼此有了联系。只要有了这种联系，就能把许多只在地方范围内发生而性质又都相同的斗争汇合成为一个全国性的阶级的斗争了。本来一切阶级斗争都是政治的斗争。中世纪的市民因为交通梗阻而需要几百年才能达到的团结，现代的无产者因为铁路交通便利而只消几年就可以达到了。无产者这样组织成为阶级，从而组织成为政党这件事，不断地因工人们自相竞争而受到破坏。但是，这种组织总是一次又一次地重新发生，并且每一次都显得更加强大，更为坚固，更有威力了。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四卷）：共产党宣言》，1958：475

2. Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies not in the immediate result, but in the ever-expanding union of the workers. This union is helped on by the improved means of communication that are created by modern industry and that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another. It was just this contact that was needed to centralise the numerous local struggles, all of the same character, into one national struggle between classes. But every class struggle is a political struggle. And that union, to attain which the burghers of the Middle Ages, with their miserable highways, required centuries, the modern proletarians, thanks to railways, achieve in a few years. This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6): Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1976: 493.

3. 批判发现：“工人仍被宪章运动的广泛的允诺所迷住”，而实际上宪章运动正是工人的舆论的政治表现；批判在自己的绝对精神的深处看 出“两个集团即政治集团与土地和工厂所有者集团已经互不融合和互不掩护”但是到现在为止我们还没有听到过，土地和工厂所有者集团这两个私有者阶级虽然人数不多，政治权利也完全一样（少数贵族除外），却具有这样广泛的性质，我们还没有听到过，实际上作为政党的最彻底的表现和顶点的这一集团又是和政党集团绝对同一的。批判能有这些发现真是妙不可言。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第二卷）：神圣家族》，1957：17

3. Criticism is superb, too, when it realises, in the depths of its Absolute Spirit, that “the two party groupings, the political one and that of the landowners and mill-owners, no longer wish to merge or coincide”. It was so far not known that the party grouping of the landowners and the mill-owners, because of the numerical smallness of either class of owners and the equal political rights of each (with the exception of the few peers), was so comprehensive that it was completely identical with the political party groupings, and not their most consistent expression, their peak. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 15-16.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
日本政党体制的转换是一个与日本政治变革和国家战略转型紧密相关的重要问题，由此它也成为在日本和在国际上被热议、被重点研究的课题。——《日本政党体制的结构转换及其对中日关系的影响》，吉林大学博士学位论文，2015
The transformation of Japan’s political party system is an important issue which closely relates to the political transformation of Japan and the national strategy transformation of Japan.

例句 2：
政党是政党政治的核心，新媒体也以前所未有的影响力对政党施加影响。——《新媒体与党的建设》，中共中央党校博士学位论文，2012
Political parties are the core of party politics, now an unprecedented influence of the new media has affected political parties.

例句 3：
全球化的深入和政党政治的发展，使政党作为外交主体日益走上外交舞台，政党外交成为国家总体外交的重要组成部分。——《和谐思维视域下中国特色社会主义政党外交研究》，电子科技大学博士学位论文，2012
With deepening globalization and the development of Party politics, Parties increasingly embark on the diplomatic stage as a subject, which makes it an important part of the country’s overall diplomatic.