悬设【英】

postulate; suspending

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 55.
[2] Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut Interactional Publishers, 2011: 55.

定义

“悬设”一词来自拉丁词postulatu，有“要求”和“希望”的意思。康德把“悬设”一词引入其哲学，并把悬设看成是一个直接确定的实践命题，或者是一个规定可能行为的原理。实际上，康德在使用“悬设”一词时，运用了它的两种词性：作为名词的“悬设”（Postulat）指的是那些在理论上不能证明，但在道德上却为纯粹实践理性必然需要的命题，即意志自由、灵魂不朽和上帝存在等命题；作为动词使用的“悬设”（postuliren）是指得出上述命题的方式或途径，即这些命题是必须通过实践理性来“悬设”的。可以说，作为名词的“悬设”是作为动词的“悬设”要达到的目的或结论，而作为动词的“悬设”是得出作为名词的“悬设”的过程或行为。值得注意的是，康德更加强调“悬设”作为名词时的结论或目的之意（张会永，2007：49）。康德提出了纯粹实践理性的三个悬设概念：意志自由、灵魂不朽和上帝存在，意志自由保证了纯粹道德意向的可能性，灵魂不朽保证了一个与道德意向完全适合的意志的可能性，通过这三个悬设，至善就在某个理智世界中作为某个配享幸福的德性（姚修杰，2012：63）。

定义来源

[1] 张会永.康德的道德信仰研究[D].复旦大学，2007.
[2] 姚修杰.康德自由理论研究[D].吉林大学，2012.

例句

1. 西斯蒙第的内在逻辑是一种建立在主体伦理原则之上的价值悬设。从这个意义上说，西斯蒙第政治经济学背后的哲学历史观是一种落后的东西，与全部资产阶级政治经济学的社会唯物主义而言，它是政治经济学理论逻辑方法中的隐性唯心史观。这大概是过去我们的经济学家所不能意识到的问题。可是，这一点对我们下面准确地理解1844年时青年马克思的相近思考语境却同样是十分重要的。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：88

1. Sismondi’s internal logic is a value postulate established on subjective ethical principles. Because of this, the philosophical perspective of history supporting Sismondi’s study of political economy lagged far behind his that of his contemporaries; in comparison to the social materialism of bourgeois political economy, it was a latent idealist conception of history in terms of the logical methodology of political economy. Though this issue has largely been one of which Chinese economists have not been conscious, Sismondi’s conception of history is critical to our correct understanding of young Marx’s philosophical context in 1844. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 55.

2. 在他看来，康德在“破除绝对的直接知识幻想”的哥白尼式的革命中，以二元论的方式试图避免现象与本质、有限主体与无限知识的矛盾，通过对经验主体的现象界限定和自在之物的彼岸悬设，辩证法是在芝诺式的辩证理性的语境中被遭遇的。——《文本的深度耕犁：后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》，2007:31

2. In his opinion, Kant, in the Copernican revolution of "destroying the illusion of a immediate knowledge of the Absolute, “attempts to use Dualism to avoid the contradiction of appearance and essence, and of finite subject and infinite knowledge; by circumscribing the phenomenal of the empirical subject and suspending the thing-in-itself of that-world, dialectics is confronted in the context of Zenonian Dialectical reason. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 55.

3. 第一个时期，马克思是以人的社会类本质——理想化的自主性劳动活动即人类存在应有的本真状态为价值悬设，并以此认证资产阶级私有财产制的非人性，即人的劳动类本质、人与自己的劳动产品和人与人的社会关系非常性的异化与颠倒，并提出要扬弃劳动异化、消灭私有制，复归于人的本质之共产主义理想生存状态。这里的逻辑公式是：S应该是P。这是 传统人学中“应该”与“是”之间的矛盾之延续，其逻辑批判的内在动因是先验的“应有”与“现有”的伦理性对立。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：22-23

3. In the first time frame, Marx began with man’s social species-essence — idealized autonomous labor activities—as his value postulate. Using this inherently true state under which mankind ought to exist as his standard, Marx confirms the anti-humanist nature of the capitalist system of private ownership of property. This system is man’s labor species-essence: the abnormal, alienated, inverted relationships between an individual and the product of his labor, as well as between one individual and another. Marx advocated abandoning labor alienation, destroying the system of private ownership of property, and restoring to man’s nature the ideal state of communism. Here Marx’s equation is S ought to be P. This is an extension of the contradiction between “ought” and “is” found in traditional humanism, where the internal motivation for its logical criticism is an a priori ethical antithesis between “what should be” and “what is. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: XXXIX.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
马克思主义信仰并不是对历史规律的宿命论式的顺从或浪漫的理想化，它只是对人类历史规律的应有感受。从社会角度来讲，马克思主义信仰是指人们对共产主义理想社会的主观确信，并作为实践指南；从人的角度讲，马克思主义信仰指人们对人的自由全面发展状态的主观确信，并作为实践指南。二者本质上是一致的，都是对历史发展终极状态的图景的描述和向往。作为信以为真的一种样式和实践悬设，马克思主义信仰具有人本性、批判性和实践性等特征。——“马克思主义信仰的内涵及其主要特征”，载于《河海大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2010年第3期
Marxism belief does not submit to fatalism of historical law or romantic idealism. Instead, it reflects the due law of the historical development of human beings. From the perspective of society, Marxism belief refers to the subjective idea on communistic ideal society. From the perspective of human beings, it means subjective understanding on man’s free and comprehensive development based on practice. In fact, the above two viewpoints are consistent with each other, which describe and long for the ultimate tendency of historical development. As a style and outstanding practice believed as truth, Marxism belief bears the characteristics of humanism, criticism and practicability.

例句 2：
福柯的思想构境常常会建构一种打破可见生存常识和现成全部人类文化教化构架的异托邦飞地。这种所谓的异托邦，与现实存在中并不存在的美好的理想悬设——乌托邦不同，乌托邦总是一种超越现实的光亮彼岸世界的引领，而异托邦不是彼岸世界，它就客观存在于此岸的某处。——“福柯的异托邦：斜视中的他性空间”，载于《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第3期
Foucault’s conceptual construction always constitutes an enclave of heterotopia, which breaks the norm of being and given civilized configuration of all human culture. The