字词 | 形式逻辑 |
释义 | 形式逻辑【英】formal logic译文来源[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:1705. 定义形式逻辑即传统逻辑,狭义指演绎逻辑,广义还包括归纳逻辑。形式逻辑已经历了2000多年的历史,19世纪中叶以前的形式逻辑主要是传统逻辑,19世纪中叶以后发展起来的现代形式逻辑,通常称为数理逻辑,也称为符号逻辑。传统逻辑研究直言命题、选言命题和假言命题的形式和推理,有矛盾律和排中律等逻辑规律以及有关词项的理论。形式逻辑在欧洲的创始人是古希腊的亚里士多德,他建立了三段论理论著有《形而上学》和《工具论》。继亚里士多德之后,麦加拉-斯多阿学派、伊壁鸠鲁和后来中世纪的一些哲学家和逻辑学家,进一步丰富了形式逻辑。到了近代,培根和约翰·缪勒则进一步发展了归纳法。现代形式逻辑即数理逻辑或符号逻辑,在研究中广泛地使用了人工的符号语言,并受到了数学基础研究的推动。数理逻辑的创始人是G.W.莱布尼兹,他提出建立“普遍的符号语言”、推理演算和思维机械化的思想。之后,G.弗雷格和G.康托尔使形式逻辑的发展进入现代阶段的标志(形式逻辑.via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=SWu_vU8iUE2srmrCDpTitFYFmKT8SGX6EdQNaxJRf8Pi0GoBtHUnxvNjgSHLYz7m7yYwRIC47iqRTYn3MR0iWDJ-4CLHnuQYXMlQ4RWDWD3)。20世纪以来,形式逻辑在多个领域延伸,与数学、其他自然科学、哲学、语言学相互渗透,产生了许多综合结果和研究成果(金炳华等,2001:1705)。 定义来源[1] 形式逻辑.via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=SWu_vU8iUE2srmrCDpTitFYFmKT8SGX6EdQNaxJRf8Pi0GoBtHUnxvNjgSHLYz7m7yYwRIC47iqRTYn3MR0iWDJ-4CLHnuQYXMlQ4RWDWD3 例句1. 在恩格斯那里,哲学可以有实现和付诸实践的内容这一观念是不存在的,因为恩格斯预期有一天,“在以往的全部哲学中仍然独立存在的,就只有关于思维及其规律的学说——形式逻辑和辩证法。其他一切都归到关于自然和历史的实证科学中去了”。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:9 1. There was no notion that philosophy might have a content to be realised and put into practice; for Engels anticipated a time when ‘what still survives of all former philosophy is the science of thought and its laws––formal logic and dialectics. Everything else is merged in the positive science of Nature and History. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 11. 2. 他就是靠这套把戏在上面把一切所为和所不为都变成自我舍弃。可是,他的我并不是现实的我,而只是以上所引的那些等式中的我,即在形式逻辑中、判断学说中作为不具真实姓名的Cajus(某甲)的那个我。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:324 2. His transformation, described above, of all action and inaction into self-denial is based on this trick. Moreover, his ego is no real ego, but only the ego of the equations given above, the same ego that in formal logic, in the theory of propositions, figures as Caius. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 287. 3. 这里实现了“莱茵年鉴”序言中所许下的诺言,即指出:“德国社会科学在其已达到的发展阶段上和英法的社会科学怎样的不同”,什么叫作“科学地阐明共产主义的学说”。要把上面那短短几行字中所有不合逻辑的地方揭示出来而又不使读者感到厌烦,是很困难的。首先我们指出形式逻辑上的错误。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三卷)》,1956:570-571 3. Here we are shown what we were promised in the preface to the Rheinische Jahrbücher, namely, “how far German social science differs in its development up to the present from French and English social science” and what it means “to present the doctrine of communism in a scientific form”. It would be a lengthy and boring procedure to expose every logical lapse which occurs in the course of these few lines. But let us first consider the offences against formal logic. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 5), 1975: 482. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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