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字词 可变资本
释义

可变资本【英】

variable capital

译文来源

[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1998: 247.
[2] 李琮.世界经济学大辞典[Z].经济科学出版社,2000:460.
[3] 《21世纪汉英经济实用词典》编写组.21世纪汉英经济实用词典[Z].中国对外翻译出版公司,2005:682.

定义

不变资本的对称。它指资本家用于购买劳动力的那部分资本,和用于购买生产资料的那部分资本不同,购买劳动力的这部分资本,在实际生产过程中被工人的劳动所代替。工人的劳动具有二重性:作为具体劳动,改变生产资料的形态,使一种使用价值变成另一种使用价值,同时将消耗掉的生产资料的原有价值转移到新产品中去。作为抽象劳动,它创造了新价值,其中除了补偿劳动力的价值以外,还有一部分增殖价值,即剩余价值。可见,资本家用于购买劳动力的这部分资本在生产过程中发生了价值量变化,能增殖价值,是一个可变量,所以马克思称之为可变资本。不变资本和可变资本的划分具有重要意义。它揭示了剩余价值的真正来源以及资本家对工人的剥削程度,批驳了资产阶级经济学家关于利润(剩余价值的转化形式)是由全部预付资本带来的谬论。它还奠定了马克思关于资本有机构成理论的基础,从而揭示了资本主义积累的一般规律。因此,不变资本和可变资本的划分提供了一把解决经济学上最复杂问题的钥匙(卢之超,1993:379)。
 在政治经济学史上,马克思第一个科学地揭示了资本的本质,并进而将资本区分为不变资本和可变资本。恩格斯对此作了高度评价,他说:“这个区别提供了一把解决经济学上最复杂的问题的钥匙”(马克思,1975:22)。

定义来源

[1] 卢之超.马克思主义大辞典[Z].中国和平出版社,1993.
[2] 马克思.资本论(第二卷)[M].人民出版社,1975.

例句

1. 事实上,这样把国外市场扯到“实现”问题上来,有没有哪怕是一星半点的道理呢?现实问题就是:如何为每一部分资本主义产品按价值(不变资本、可变资本和额外价值)和按物质形态(生产资料,消费品,其中包括必需品和奢侈品)在市场上找到替换它的另一部分产品。很明显,在这种情况下,应当把对外贸易撇开,因为把对外贸易扯在一起丝毫也不能促进问题的解决,而只会拖延问题的解决,把问题从一国转移到数国。——《列宁全集(第三卷)》,1984:27

1. Indeed, is there even a grain of common sense in this dragging of the foreign market into the problem of “realisation”? The problem of realisation is how to find for each part of the capitalist product, in terms of value (constant capital, variable capital and surplus-value) and in its material form (means of production, and articles of consumption, specifically necessities and luxuries), that other part of the product which replaces it on the market. Clearly, foreign trade must here be excluded, for dragging it in does not advance the solution of the problem one iota, but merely retracts it by extending the problem from one country to several. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 3), 1977: 46.

2. 但是,劳动生产力的发展间接促使现有资本价值增加,因为它增加了使用价值的数量和种类,而这些使用价值体现同一交换价值,并形成资本的物质实体,物质要素,即那些直接构成不变资本和至少间接构成可变资本的物品。用同一资本和同一劳动会创造出更多的可以转化为资本的物品,而不管它们的交换价值如何。这些物品可以用来吸收追加劳动,从而也可以用来吸收追加的剩余劳动,由此形成追加资本。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十五卷上)》,1974:277

2. Indirectly, however, the development of the productive power of labour contributes to the increase of the value of the existing capital by increasing the mass and variety of use values in which the same exchange value is represented and which form the material substance, i. e., the material elements of capital, the material objects making up the constant capital directly, and the variable capital at least indirectly. More products which may be converted into capital, whatever their exchange value, are created with the same capital and the same labour. These products may serve to absorb additional labour, hence also additional surplus labour, and therefore create additional capital. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 37), 1998: 247.

3. 资本主义生产离开对外贸易是根本不行的。但是,假定正常的年再生产规模已定,那也就是假定,对外贸易仅仅是以使用形式或实物形式不同的物品来替换本国的物品(Artikel——商品),而不影响价值关系,也就是不影响生产资料和消费资料这两个部类互相交换的价值关系,同样也不影响每一部类的产品价值所能分解成的不变资本、可变资本和剩余价值的关系。——《列宁全集(第四卷)》,1984:41-42

3. “Capitalist production does not exist at all without foreign commerce. But when one assumes normal annual reproduction on a given scale one also assumes that foreign commerce only replaces home products [Artikel - goods] by articles of other use- or bodily form, without affecting value-relations, hence without affecting either the value relations in which the two categories ‘means of production’ and ‘articles of consumption’ mutually exchange, or the relations between constant capital, variable capital, and surplus - value, into which the value of the product of each of these categories may be divided. –Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 04), 1977: 56-57.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
以带有时间滞后项的资本循环模型为基础,以美国的增长率和利润率为核心展开了实证检验,实证结果表明:在非金融部门和制造业部门中“剥削率”和“可变资本占总资本比例”的增加对经济增长率具有正的影响,“资本循环时间”的增加不利于增长率的提高;“可变资本占总资本的比例”和“剥削率”的增加有利于企业部门(非金融部门和制造业部门)经济利润率的增加,而资本循环时间越短,越有利于提高经济利润率。——“资本循环与经济危机:来自美国(1959—2012年)的经验”,载于《河北经贸大学学报》2017年第2期
Based on the time lag capital cycle model,taking the USA's growth and profitability as the core,an empirical test is carried out. And the results indicate that: in the non-financial department and manufacturing department,the increase in the "exploitation rate" and "ratio of variable capital to the total" has a positive effect on economic growth, however, the increase in "the capital cycle time" is not conducive to the growth rate; the increase in the "exploitation rate" and "ratio of variable capital to the total" favors the growth of economic profitability rate in the department (only in the non-financial department and manufacturing department) moreover,the shorter the capital cycle time is,the higher the profitability rate will be.

例句 2:
在《资本论》,第1卷—第3卷,马克思曾引入不变资本C,可变资本V,剩余价值MJ等概念,导出一个“生产每一个商品的价值MJ的公式,WJ=MJ+C+M”现在建议用剩余使用价值MS,不变资本C,可变资本V,将商品的使用价值MS试行WS=MS+C+V的公式,而WS=N·WJ。——“必须将科技进步引入马克思主义政治经济学的定量的研究”,载于《江西财经大学学报》2014年第2期
In Volume 1-3 of Das Kapital, Marx introduced such concepts as constant capital C, variable capital V, sur

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