字词 | 压力集团 |
释义 | 压力集团【英】pressure group译文来源McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 45. 定义压力集团又称为利益集团,是指那些致力于影响国家政策方向的、但是其本身并不谋求组织政府的组织。压力集团可能是一个正式的组织体,但在多数情况下只是由利益相近的一些组织或个人以非组织的形式存在。压力集团与政治组织不同,政治组织往往直接参与或影响政策的制订,但其行为目标是为了选择不同的政策方案,而不直接强调自己的利益要求,至少表面上是如此。然而,压力集团却直接从自身利益出发影响公共政策,明确强调公共政策的制订与实施必须有利于本集团的利益,使政策的正面效应尽可能的向本集团倾斜(via: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2/1980061?fr=aladdin)。西方一些学者认为,当利益集团成为政治角色,企图影响公共决策方向和公共权力的运用,使自己获得好处的时候,它们就成了压力集团。压力集团是维护特殊利益,实现特定目标的工具。其首要特征是参与政治过程,影响公共政策,但并不谋求正式控制政府。压力集团运用各种手段,通过多种途径,影响政府及其公共政策。其主要活动集中在选举、立法、行政和司法等领域(via: http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2)。 定义来源[1] via: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2/1980061?fr=aladdin 例句1. 然而,直到1918年底,在共产党建立时,激进派才开始形成一个独立的政党,此前仅仅是德国社会民主党内一个压力集团而已。而且,当时激进派大多数是外乡人,主要是犹太人的血统,他们不安地徘徊在德国内外的各种社会主义运动之间。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:40-41 1. Yet the radicals never (until the founding of the Communist Party at the very end of 1918) formed a separate political party, and remained merely a pressure group inside the SPD. Moreover, most of the radicals were outsiders, mainly of Jewish origin, who hovered uneasily between the German and more peripheral socialist movements. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 45. 2. 左翼存在许多分裂出来的派别,它们仍然支持这种路线(或许进行微小的修正);这足以证明基础意义仍然存在一个支持群体——尽管数量明显正在减少。非常具有讽刺意味的是,马克思主义的基础主义已经只是压力集团的名称了。它不再可能博得任何类型的大众支持(在英语国家从未如此),不过它拒绝接受这种身份,仍然按照如下假设进行运作:只要它经常重申它的主旨,就能找到这样一种支持。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:260 2. There are many splinter groups on the left who still espouse this line (perhaps with a few minor modifications); enough to prove that fundamentalism has a constituency–although it is manifestly a diminishing one. Ironically enough, Marxist fundamentalism already is a pressure group in all but name. It can no longer command any kind of mass support (and in the case of the English-speaking countries never did), although it refuses to accept that status and still operates on the assumption that such support can be found if it only keeps reiterating its message often enough. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 166. 3. 在拉克劳和墨菲看來,即使在第一次世界大战后,西欧各类社会民主党还继续表现出“阶级主义”的心态。他们认为,就从充满希望的社会形势中建构一种激进民主政治而言,这是另一次被错失的机会。欧洲社会民主主义的狭隘的阶级主义心态开始成为重大社会变革的障碍,在总体上堕落成工人阶级的压力集团战术,因为工会的利益几乎总是占据上风。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:27 3. For Laclau and Mouffe, the ‘classist’ mentality continues to reassert itself through the various social democratic parties of Western Europe, even in the aftermath of the First World War, and they regard this as yet another missed opportunity to construct a radical democratic politics out of a highly promising social situation. The narrow classist mentality in European social democracy comes to constitute a barrier to significant social change, and generally collapses into mere pressure-group tactics on behalf of the working class, with the trade union interest almost invariably dominant. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 17. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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