动机【英】

motive; motivation

译文来源

Mao Tse-tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 3) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965: 88.

定义

动机，在心理学上一般被认为涉及行为的发端、方向、强度和持续性。在组织行为学中，动机主要是指激发人的动机的心理过程。通过激发和鼓励，使人们产生一种内在驱动力，使之朝着所期望的目标前进的过程。动机是推动人从事某种活动，并朝一个方向前进的内部动力，是为实现一定目的而行动的原因。动机是个体的内在过程，行为是这种内在过程的表现（via: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=OMWHnH3c_ER2dduBuRSlZU7VN7Wp9vCUj94bvgypeiLEXNnFkPZ_7aU6eiWhQUoHx-QlFrS0DcKR9SBD9Yflo6BumrjqMLmfkvpBE9PmuMG）。动机的特征包括内隐性、多重性、复杂性、实践性与学习性。根据不同的划分标准，动机可分为多种不同类型：根据动机的性质，可分为生理性动机和社会性动机；根据学习在动机形成和发展中的作用，可分为原始动机和习得动机；根据动机的意识水平，可分为有意识动机和无意识动机；根据动机的来源，可分为外在动机和内在动机（via: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/动机）。引起动机的内在条件包括需要、兴趣、信念、世界观等，统称为需要；引起动机的外在条件包括目标、压力、责任、义务，统称为诱因。驱使有机体产生一定行为的外部因素称为诱因。凡是个体趋向诱因而得到满足时，这种诱因称为正诱因；凡是个体因逃离或躲避诱因而得到满足时，这种诱因称为负诱因。

定义来源

[1] via: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=OMWHnH3c_ER2dduBuRSlZU7VN7Wp9vCUj94bvgypeiLEXNnFkPZ_7aU6eiWhQUoHx-QlFrS0DcKR9SBD9Yflo6BumrjqMLmfkvpBE9PmuMG
[2] via: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/动机

例句

1. 白求恩同志是加拿大共产党员，五十多岁了，为了帮助中国的抗日战争，受加拿大共产党和美国共产党的派遣，不远万里，来到中国。去年春上到延安，后来到五台山工作，不幸以身殉职。一个外国人，毫无利己的动机，把中国人民的解放事业当作他自己的事业，这是什么精神？这是国际主义的精神，这是共产主义的精神，每一个中国共产党员都要学习这种精神。——《毛泽东选集（第二卷）》，1991：659

1. Comrade Norman Bethune, a member of the Communist Party of Canada, was around fifty when he was sent by the Communist Parties of Canada and the United States to China; he made light of travelling thousands of miles to help us in our War of Resistance Against Japan. He arrived in Yenan in the spring of last year, went to work in the Wutai Mountains, and to our great sorrow died a martyr at his post. What kind of spirit is this that makes a foreigner selflessly adopt the cause of the Chinese people’s liberation as his own? It is the spirit of internationalism, the spirit of communism, from which every Chinese Communist must learn. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tsu-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 337.

2. 唯心论者是强调动机否认效果的，机械唯物论者是强调效果否认动机的，我们和这两者相反，我们是辩证唯物主义的动机和效果的统一论者。为大众的动机和被大众欢迎的效果，是分不开的，必须使二者统一起来。为个人的和狭隘集团的动机是不好的，有为大众的动机但无被大众欢迎、对大众有益的效果，也是不好的。——《毛泽东选集（第三卷）》，1991：825

2. Idealists stress motive and ignore effect, while mechanical materialists stress effect and ignore motive. In contradistinction to both, we dialectical materialists insist on the unity of motive and effect. The motive of serving the masses is inseparably linked with the effect of winning their approval; the two must be united. The motive of serving the individual or a small clique is not good, nor is it good to have the motive of serving the masses without the effect of winning their approval and benefiting them. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 3), 1965: 88.

3. 检验一个作家的主观愿望即其动机是否正确，是否善良，不是看他的宣言，而是看他的行为（主要是作品）在社会大众中产生的效果。社会实践及其效果是检验主观愿望或动机的标准。我们的文艺批评是不要宗派主义的，在团结抗日的大原则下，我们应该容许包含各种各色政治态度的文艺作品的存在。——《毛泽东选集（第三卷）》，1991：825

3. In examining the subjective intention of a writer or artist, that is, whether his motive is correct and good, we do not judge by his declarations but by the effect of his actions (mainly his works) on the masses in society. The criterion for judging subjective intention or motive is social practice and its effect. We want no sectarianism in our literary and art criticism and, subject to the general principle of unity for resistance to Japan, we should tolerate literary and art works with a variety of political attitudes. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 3), 1965: 88-89.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
学习动机被认为是影响学习者英语学习的主要因素之一，强烈的学习动机有助于学生的英语学习。——《不同水平非英语专业大学生英语学习动机调查研究》，吉林大学硕士学位论文，2014
Learning motivation is a crucial factor, which has significant impact on students' English learning.

例句 2：
研究采用由陈保华翻译修订的《大学生学习动机量表》和马惠霞编制的《大学生一般学业情绪量表》，对山西师范大学700名大学生进行问卷调查，同时获得被试的人口统计学资料，包括学号、性别、年级、专业等。试图从积极心理学的视角——自我决定动机的角度出发，探讨大学生自我决定动机、学业情绪与学业成绩的关系。——《大学生自我决定动机、学业情绪与学业成绩的关系研究》，山西师范大学硕士学位论文，2014
According to Academic Students-Chinese Revised by Motivation Scale of University Chen Baohua and General Academic Emotions Scale revised by Ma Huixia, this study collected key information such as Student ID, Gender, Grade, Major relevant to the respondents from a questionnaire survey which asked 700 undergraduates from ShanXi Normal University. From a positive psychology perspective. Self-Determination theory, this study explored the relationship between self-determination motivation, academic emotions.

例句 3：
本研究从厘清动机相关概念入手，对国内外二语动机研究进行了综述，创新性地结合Vygotsky社会文化理论中的活动理论和Dörnyei的动机自我系统对大学英语学习动机进行了探索。——“活动理论框架下的大学英语学习动机自我系统模型构建”，载于《外语界》2013年第6期
Starting from the clarification of relevant definitions of motivation, this study summarizes the previous research on L2 motivation both at home and abroad. Based on Vygotsky’s Activity Theory and Dörnyei’s L2 Motivational Self System, the study then presents