字词 | 公共土地 |
释义 | 公共土地【英】communal land;common land译文来源[1] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990: 399. 定义公共土地的法律地位普遍相当混乱。除了某些乡村草坪明显例外之外,公共土地并不表示这些土地没有主,也不表示它为人人所有,甚至也不表示这些土地为当地人人人所有。自中世纪以来,公共土地就为特殊个人所有,通常为当地的领主所有,领主的宅第就是坐落在这种土地内。“公共”一词指的不是所有权,而是某些人士共同拥有的,使用归属未定地区土地上的农产品的权利。也就是说,土地拥有者不能封闭这块土地,它是没有篱笆的开放的场地,这就是公共土地的最大特征。 除了土地所有者明文规定外,广大公众使用公共土地作为公开娱乐场所,从严格意义上是不受法律保护的。 定义来源约翰·伊特韦尔.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典(第一卷)[Z].经济科学出版社,1996. 例句1. 如果说雇佣劳动的前提和资本的历史条件之一,是自由劳动以及这种自由劳动同货币相交换,以便再生产货币并增殖其价值,也就是说,使这种自由劳动不是作为用于享受的使用价值,而是作为用于获取货币的使用价值,而被货币所消耗;那么,另一个前提就是自由劳动同实现自由劳动的客观条件相分离,即同劳动资料和劳动材料相分离。可见,首要的是,劳动者同他的天然的实验场即土地相脱离,从而自由的小土地所有制解体,以及以东方公社为基础的公共土地所有制解体。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十六卷)》,1979:470-471 1. One of the prerequisites of wage labour and one of the historical conditions for capital is free labour and the exchange of free labour for money, in order to reproduce money and to valorise it, in order to be consumed by money, not as use value for enjoyment, but as use value for money. Another prerequisite is the separation of free labour from the objective conditions of its realisation—from the means and material of labour. This means above all separation of the worker from the land, which functions as his natural workshop, hence the dissolution both of free small holdings and of communal landed property, based on the Oriental commune. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1990: 399. 2. 这些自然的生产条件的形式是双重的:(1)人作为某个共同体的成员的存在;因而,也就是这个共同体的存在,其原始形式是部落体,是或多或少有所改变的部落体;(2)以共同体为媒介,把土地看作自己的土地,即公共土地财产对个人来说同时又是个人占有物;或者是这样:只有土地的果实实行分配,而土地本身及其耕作仍然是共同的。(但住所等等,哪怕是斯基台人的四轮车,也总是由个人占有。)对活的个体来说,生产的自然条件之一,就是他属于某一自然形成的社会,部落等等。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十六卷)》,1979:491 2. The forms of these natural conditions of production are dual: (1) his being as member of a community, hence the being of this community which in its original form is a tribal community, more or less modified; (2) his relation to the land by means of the community, as to his own; communal landed property, at the same time individual occupation for the individual, or in such a manner that the soil itself and its cultivation remain communal, and only its fruits are divided. (Yet, dwellings, etc., even if only the wagons of the Scythians, appear nevertheless to be always in the possession of individuals.) Membership of a naturally evolved society, a tribe, etc., is a natural condition of production for the living individual. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1990: 415-416. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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