| 字词 | 程器 |
| 释义 | chéngqì 程器Assessment of One's Overall Qualities 综合考量文士的器用与文采。由南朝刘勰（465？—520）在《文心雕龙》中提出。“程”，衡量，考量；“器”，兼指个人品行、治国之能与文才几方面。刘勰认为，汉魏以来有些文人或因品行有失，或因缺乏处理国家军政事务的能力，以致被世人讥诮，作品声誉受到牵累。因此他提出，文士不仅要具备写作才能，还应该具备良好的品行及为国家建功立业的能力。他认为有道德的人必然心怀天下，拥有广博见识，培养多方面才能，在多方面有所作为。他主张将立德、立功、立言统一起来，作为全面评价士人的基本标准。 This term refers to a comprehensive assessment of a scholar's abilities and literary talent. It was first put forward by Liu Xie (465?-520) of the Southern Dynasties in his literary critique The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. Here cheng (程) means to assess; qi (器) refers to a person's moral conduct, ability to govern and literary talent. In Liu's view, some scholars since the Han and Wei dynasties had been scorned for their poor moral conduct or their inability to handle political or military affairs. This also harmed their literary reputation. Thus, he advised scholar-officials to not only possess writing skills but also excel morally and perform meritorious deeds for their country. He believed that a virtuous person would embrace noble ideals, be knowledgeable and insightful, be versatile, and fulfill worthy goals. He stressed the need to judge a scholar-official by his statements and moral character and his performance of meritorious service. 引例 Citations： ◎武帝既招英俊，程其器能，用之如不及。（《汉书·东方朔传》） （汉武帝招揽众多杰出人才之后，马上衡量他们的才能，急于任用他们，好像生怕来不及一样。） After recruiting talented men, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty immediately tested their abilities; he was so eager that he could not wait to assign them to important posts. (The History of the Han Dynasty) ◎摛（chī）文必在纬军国，负重必在任栋梁；穷则独善以垂文，达则奉时以骋绩。若此文人，应《梓材》之士矣。（刘勰《文心雕龙·程器》） （撰写文章一定要像筹划军国大事一样，担负重任一定是要成为国家栋梁。不得志时要独善其身以文传世，仕途通达时要抓住时机建功立业。像这样的文人，应该符合《尚书·梓材》中所说的人材了。） The act of writing should be performed as if it was a matter of handling major military or state affairs. Those bearing heavy responsibilities should act as pillars of society. When unappreciated, they should preserve their moral integrity and achieve enduring fame through their writings. When serving as officials, they should seize the chance to accomplish great goals. Such scholars fit the description of "outstanding talent" discussed in The Book of History. (Liu Xie: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons) |
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