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字词 主客体辩证法
释义

主客体辩证法【英】

dialectics of subject and object

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 30.

定义

西方马克思主义关于辩证法的一种解释。匈牙利卢卡奇在《历史和阶级意识》一书中率先提出。他把主体当作集体主体“我们”,认为辩证法的关键性决定因素是主体和客体的相互作用,但主体和客体的辩证法只局限在历史和社会的范围内。由此批评恩格斯错误地追随黑格尔,把辩证法扩大到自然界,提出所谓的自然辩证法。E.布洛赫同样用主客体之间交互作用解释辩证法:“辩证法本身,在人类世界中就是客体-主体的关系,此外无它。”萨特也反对把只存在于历史和社会的辩证法搬到自然界,主张“应当在许多的个人同自然界、同种种‘既定条件’的关系之中去探究辩证法”(《方法的探求》)。但他把主体理解为个人或主观意识。法兰克福学派认为,客体与主体处于相互关联之中,主体介入了客体,客体以另一种方式介入主体。辩证法不能离开“社会历史过程的结构”,它在本质上“是一种历史方法”,一切辩证法都产生于主体与客体作为对立两极的“这一结构中”(阿多诺:《否定的辩证法》),“辩证法是主体与客体的”(哈贝马斯:《理论与实践》)。西方马克思主义认为辩证法是主客体的相互作用,是“以劳动为中介的辩证法”,只存在于社会历史领域之中。(金炳华,2003:954)。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 如果通俗地解择一下,阿多诺批评在传统马克思主义哲学解择框架中,唯物辩证法变成了一种外在于客观世界的理论观察(反映),它只去看到规律的存在,并同样以抽象的同一性逻辑去肯定性地编织装入被管理世界的理论之网。因为,在黑格尔那里,辩证法就已经要求一种概念只有历史地穆透到主体与客体的具体矛盾中才能真实地实现自己的具体化道路,而传统哲学解辑框架中的唯物辩证法却再一次蜕化为在事物之外去抽象谈论一些永恒不变的“联系”和“发展”特征的“方法论”。虽然寥寥数语,语境很淡,我们还是可以从中辨认出青年卢卡奇主客体辩证法的影子。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:13-14

1. Actually, for Adorno, materialist dialectics, in the interpretation framework of traditional Marxism, has been transformed into a theoretical observation (reflection) outside the objective world: only laws are within its insight; it is knitting an affirmative net of theories that can hold the whole administered world. In Hegelian philosophy, dialectics has demanded that a concept must historically penetrate into the concrete contradiction of subject and object, when it attempts to realize its own reification. Contrarily, materialist dialectics in traditional philosophical system has once again become a “methodology” that talks of several everlasting characteristics, such as “relation” and “development” outside the objective things. Indeed, the judgments derive from young Lukács’ dialectics of subject and object. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 30.

2. 大家都知道,早期的西方马克思主义者卢卡奇、葛兰西和柯尔施等人,诚然在进行其哲学理论重建的同时也隐性地确证历史主体性,如用总体性、物化、实践哲学和主客体辩证法等规定来张扬马克思主义哲学中的主体向度,但由于马克思的大量早期论著在当时并没有出版,所以他们的研究思路基本上还是从马克思后来的成熟文本(如《共产党宣言》、《资本论》等)出发的。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:4-5

2. Early Western Marxists such as Lukács, Gramsci and Korsch, while sincerely restructuring their philosophical theories, nevertheless tacitly confirmed the subjectivity of history, using qualifications such as the totality, reification, practical philosophy, and the dialectic of subject and object to publicize the subjective aspects of Marxist philosophy. However, because most of Marx’s early works were not published at the time, these Western Marxists were forced to rely on Marx’s later mature works (such as The Communist Manifesto and Capital). -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: xxiv.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
在此过程中,辩证法经历了从主客体辩证法到人学辩证法,到结构辩证法,再到空间辩证法的多次转变。——“哲学前提的反思与马克思主义辩证法的当代理解视野”,载于《创新》2015年第6期
In this process, dialectics went through many transforms from dialectics of subject and object, to humanism dialectics, to structural dialectics and to spatial dialectics.

例句 2:
借助黑格尔的“实体即主体”,卢卡奇在恢复马克思主义主客体辩证法中,致力于实现理论与实践的统一。——《葛兰西历史主义思想研究》,华东师范大学博士学位论文,2010
With Hegel’s “entity is subject”, Lukacs expects to realize the unity of theory and practice through reinstating Marxist dialectics of subject and object.

例句 3:
审美主客体的辩证法就在这四对矛盾之间展开。这种审美主客体的辩证法意义深远,它启示我们:现实中的主体多以非审美主体即一般主体的形式存在,真正意义上的审美主体尚未诞生,或者说,严格意义上的审美主体尚处于潜在状态。——“审美主客体的辩证法”,载于《理论与现代化》2013年第2期
Consequently, the dialectics for the aesthetic host and guest develops among the four contradictions, and provides some revelations that the subject in reality often exists as the non-aesthetic subject, in other words, thereal aesthetic subject is not born, or in a hidden condition.

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