阶级观念【英】

class notion; class conception; class idea

译文来源

[1] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectic [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1971: 17.
[2] Zhang Yibing. A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek [M]. Berlin: Canut International Publishers, 2011: 195.
[3] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 19.

定义

观念指人心中的感性形象，这种感性形象与认识对象之间的关系因各哲学体系的不同而有不同的理解（冯契，2000：354）。阶级观念等同于阶级意识，是反映一定社会阶层地位和利益的社会群体所具有的观念和意识。在阶层社会中，社会阶层的经济地位和生活条件不同，由此产生的物质利益对立和政治权力冲突，会在意识形态领域中反映出来，形成各自的阶级意识和阶级观念，它包括一个阶层的欲望、情感、习惯等社会心理和意识形态。马克思主义认为，财产关系或对生产资料的占有关系，只是区分无产阶级和资产阶级的客观基础；阶级的形成在于人们“阶级立场”的产生，即基于阶级境遇所产生的阶级觉悟、阶级认同和阶级意识。匈牙利哲学家卢卡奇把阶级意识看作为整体的阶级对自己在社会经济关系中所处的历史地位和历史使命的认识，并强调是阶级意识是一种“被赋予的”意识，不能把实际的心理意识状态和阶级意识相混淆（翁定军，2010：86）。在任何时代，占统治地位的阶级意识，总是该社会占统治地位的阶层的意识，其他阶层则要受到统治阶层的意识的影响。随着社会阶层差别的消灭，阶级意识的界限亦将逐渐消失，最终形成全体社会成员的共同意识（《阶级意识》，via：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=w7FnDJUVvqnr1ij_fFBwbNpyVmZHLO1i3ENW9J3CT5ZgJGA54wnco5fc5D1ed090TYNbEEc7qUN-4isREpy3A_）。

定义来源

[1] 冯契.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2000.
[2] 翁定军.阶级或阶层意识中的心理因素：公平感和态度倾向[J].社会学研究，2010，（1）.
[3] 阶级意识.via：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=w7FnDJUVvqnr1ij_fFBwbNpyVmZHLO1i3ENW9J3CT5ZgJGA54wnco5fc5D1ed090TYNbEEc7qUN-4isREpy3A_

例句

1. 不要忘记，在我们和群众的联系问题上流行的悲观主义，现在特别经常地掩盖着关于无产阶级在革命中的作用问题上的资产阶级观念。毫无疑问，我们在教育和组织工人阶级方面还有许许多多工作要做，但是现在全部问题却在于这种教育工作和组织工作的主要政治重心应当放在什么地方。是放在工会和合法社团方面呢，还是放在武装起义，放在建立革命的军队和革命的政府方面？这两方面的工作都可以教育和组织工人阶级。——《列宁全集（第十一卷）》，1987：3

1. It must not be forgotten that the current pessimism about our ties with the masses very often serves ideas regarding the proletariat's as a screen for bourgeois role in the revolution. Undoubtedly, we still have a great deal to do in educating and organising the working class; but now the gist of the matter is: where should we place the main political emphasis in this work of education and organisation? On the trade unions and legally existing associations, or on an insurrection, on the work of creating a revolutionary army and a revolutionary government? Both serve to educate and organise the working class. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9), 1977: 19.

2. 在试图接受这些矛盾时，葛兰西提出了一种超越阶级联合的霸权概念，集中关注意识形态的因素。尽管能够超越阶级联合进行思考，尽管至少能够探索各种利益集团进行其他接合的可能性，但葛兰西最终还是被认为使用了一个相当传统的马克思主义阶级观念。各种利益集团可能出现新的接合，但从葛兰西的立场来着，“在每一种霸权的形成中始终必须有一个单一的统一原则，这个原则只能是一个基本阶级”。然而，葛兰西的工作继续吸引着拉克劳和墨菲，因为正如数年后墨菲在一本文集的导言中所指出的那样，“葛兰西的霸权概念不仅与多元主义相容.而且还暗含着多元主义”。——《历史与阶级意识：关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：27

2. What Gramsci offers, in his attempt to come to terms with these contradictions, is a concept of hegemony that transcends class alliance, and a concentration on the factor of ideology. Despite this ability to think beyond class alliances, and at least to explore the possibility of alternative articulations of interests, Gramsci ultimately is seen to be working with a fairly traditional Marxist notion of class. New articulations of interests may arise, but from Gramsci’s standpoint there must always be a single unifying principle in every hegemonic formation, and this can only be a fundamental class'.'8 Nevertheless, Gramsci's work continues to hold a fascination for Laclau and Mouffe, on the grounds that, as the latter had stated a few years earlier in her introduction to a collection of essays on the theorist, the ‘gramscian conception of hegemony is not only compatible with pluralism, it implies it’. -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 17.

3. 人们常说，马克思的年代，作为统治阶级意志的资产阶级观念时常表现为一种强加于劳动阶级的“唯意志主义”式的入侵，那么在今天的景观意识形态阶段上，布尔乔亚的幻想已经嚣张成一种 “单调的实证主义的正确性”，我们忙着一刻不停地欣赏景观，再没有人有功夫、有闲情去怀疑影像传输给我们的生活价值和科学观念是否为真。毋庸置疑，景观意识形态彻底取代了过去那些需要争论的政治意识形态。贝斯特曾经评论道：“景观是一种绥靖和去政治化的工具，它是一场‘永久的鸦片战争’这一战争麻痹了社会主体，并使它们脱离真实社会生活的最急迫的任务。”——《文本的深度耕犁：后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》，2011：137

3. It is acknowledged that in Marx’s age the bourgeois conception as the governing will of the ruling class usually finds its expression in an invasion of idealism imposed on the working class, then the bourgeois fancy has become a rampant “monotonous positivist correctness” in today’s era of spectacular ideology. While we bury ourselves in the ceaseless appreciation of the spectacle, we leave no time nor energy for a moment of suspicion of the truth of life values and scientific concepts transferred by the spectacle. It is held true that the spectacular ideology completely takes the place of the previous arguable political ideologies. Best once remarks, “the spectacle is a tool of pacification and de-politicization, it is ‘a permanent opium war’, which stupefies social subjects and distracts them from the most urgent task of real life.” -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2007: 195.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
第二章首先就“他者”做了说明，指出了“他者”的含义及到目前为止各学者对于“他者”的论述；然后在从宗教信仰方面、阶级观念方面和性取向方面分析具有非主流观念的人物形象。——《追寻与困惑—<莫瑞斯>人物形象分析》，华北电力大学硕士学位论文，2012
Chapter Two at first gives a brief explanation on the term Other and then analyses the characters with non-mainstream concepts on the religious belief, class and sexual orientation.

例句 2：
笔者分析了马克思的个人观念和阶级观念，认为马克思眼中的个人是自利和理性的，并结成相互依赖、相互制约的社会关系；他眼中的阶级是阶级成员间关系的总和，是阶级关系的承担者。——“马克思阶级理论的方法论归属探究”，载于《经济经纬》2007年第1期
The article analyzes Marx’s opinion of individuals and class, believes that in Marx’s eyes indbiduals are selfish and rational and together form interdependent and interrelated social relations. Class, according to Marx, is the total sum of the relations among class members and is the carrier of class relations.

例句 3：
面对变化的社会结构，西方社会学在批判马克思模式和韦伯模式的基础上有了很大发展，并呈现出了一些新的特征，即阶级观念模糊、社会分层维度的多元化、职业分层模式得到强调、社会流动原因获得了多重解释、获取性因素受到重视、社会分层学派杂出，分层理论呈现出从冲突走向综合的趋势。——“当代西方社会分层理论的基本特征述评”，载于《教学与研究》2002年第8期
The sociologists criticize the Marxian and Weberian models of stratification, showing some new features, which can be concluded as: puzzled conception of class, obvious advantage of the Weberian model, pluralization of the stratification dimension, strong emphasison the occupational stratification, multiple explanation of social mobility, stress on the achievement fac