资本家【英】

capitalist

译文来源

Mao Tse-tung. Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1) [C]. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965: 148.

定义

资本主义革命以来，资本家是指占有生产资料，依靠剥削雇佣劳动榨取剩余价值为生的人。包括产业资本家、手工业资本家、借贷资本家、商业资本家等。资本家是在封建社会末期，随着资本主义生产关系的产生和发展形成的。他们所代表的阶级——资产阶级，在反封建过程中是新生产方式的代表。中国的资本家成长在半殖民地半封建社会里，在其内部形成了官僚资本家和民族资本家两部分。中国的资产阶级相应地也分为官僚资产阶级和民族资产阶级两部分。中华人民共和国建立后，随着资本主义工商业的社会主义改造的完成，资本家所有的资本主义私有制基本上转变成为国家所有即全民所有的公有制，资本家已不再是占有和经营他们原有的私人企业的老板，而是按照其能力被接受为企业的职员。但是自现代社会以来，随着公司制度的不断变革，产业与产权的分离，生产与销售的分离，资本家的内涵已经发生了变化。相当多的占有股份以红利为主要收入的人群，在实际上已经不再参于资本的运作，而如大型股份公司的高层管理人员，实际上并不占有生产资料，但却是资本动作的主体人员。现代资本家的定义应当是：以资本运作为业，本身参加脑力劳动和体力劳动；同时雇用脑力劳动者和体力劳动者，拥有剩余价值的人。卡尔·马克思的著作《资本论》中定义资本家是指占有生产资料，依靠剥削雇佣劳动榨取剩余价值为生的人。现代资本家的定义在不断变化，并且部分资本家承担了一定的社会责任。资本家通常指近现代随着人类社会经济发展，劳动关系中的主导方，控制着整个生产过程的人。资本家推动了人类社会向前发展，但多数资本家唯利是图，并由此产生的剥削等，为人所诟病。（资本家.via:
http://baike.sogou.com/v122890.htm?fromTitle=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B6）

定义来源

资本家.via:
http://baike.sogou.com/v122890.htm?fromTitle=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%B6

例句

1. 在我们的工作人员中，曾经看见这样的情形：他们只讲扩大红军，扩充运输队，收土地税，推销公债，其他事情呢，不讲也不管，甚至一切都不管。比如以前有一个时期，汀州市政府只管扩大红军和动员运输队，对于群众生活问题一点不理。汀州市群众的问题是没有柴烧，资本家把盐藏起来没有盐买，有些群众没有房子住，那里缺米，米价又贵。这些是汀州市人民群众的实际问题，十分盼望我们帮助他们去解决。——《毛泽东选集（第一卷）》，1991：136

1. Here is the kind of thing we have found among some of our cadres. They talk only about expanding the Red Army, enlarging the transport corps, collecting the land tax and selling bonds, as for other matters, they neither discuss nor attend to them, and even ignore them altogether. For instance, there was a time when the Tingchow Municipal Government concerned itself only with the expansion of the Red Army and with mobilization for the transport corps and paid not the slightest attention to the well-being of the masses. The problems facing the people of Tingchow city were that they had no firewood, no salt was on sale because the capitalists were hoarding it, some people had no houses to live in, and rice was both scarce and dear. These were practical problems for the masses of the people of Tingchow and they eagerly looked to us for help in solving them. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 1), 1965: 148.

2. 现在还不应该破坏一般资产阶级的私有财产制，要破坏的是帝国主义和封建主义，这就叫做资产阶级性的民主主义的革命。但是这个革命，资产阶级已经无力完成，必须靠无产阶级和广大人民的努力才能完成。这个革命要达到的目的是什么呢？目的就是打倒帝国主义和封建主义，建立一个人民民主的共和国。这种人民民主主义的共和国，就是革命的三民主义的共和国。它比起现在这种半殖民地半封建的状态来是不相同的，它跟将来的社会主义制度也不相同。在社会主义的社会制度中是不要资本家的，在这个人民民主主义的制度中，还应当容许资本家存在。中国是否永远要资本家呢？不是的，将来一定不要。不但中国如此，全世界也是如此。英国也好，美国也好，法国也好，日本也好，德国也好，意大利也好，将来都统统不要资本家，中国也不能例外。苏联是建设了社会主义的国家，将来全世界统统要跟它走，那是没有疑义的。中国将来一定要发展到社会主义去，这样一个定律谁都不能推翻。但是我们在目前的阶段上不是实行社会主义，而是破坏帝国主义和封建主义，改变中国现在的这个半殖民地半封建的地位，建立人民民主主义的制度。全国青年应当为此而努力。——《毛泽东选集（第二卷）》，1991：563

2. By and large, we should not destroy the bourgeois system of private property for the present; what we want to destroy is imperialism and feudalism. This is what we mean by the bourgeois--democratic revolution. But its accomplishment is already beyond the capacity of the bourgeoisie and must depend on the efforts of the proletariat and the broad masses of the people. What is the goal of this revolution? To overthrow imperialism and feudalism and to establish a people's democratic republic. A people’s democratic republic means a republic based on the revolutionary Three People’s Principles. It will be different both from the semi--colonial and semi--feudal state of the present and from the socialist system of the future. Capitalists have no place in a socialist society, but they should still be allowed in a people's democracy. Will there always be a place for capitalists in China? No, definitely not in the future. This is true not only of China but of the whole world. In the future no country, whether it be Britain, the United States, France, Japan, Germany, or Italy, will have any place for capitalists, and China will be no exception. The Soviet Union is a country which has already established socialism, and beyond all doubt the whole world will follow its example. China will certainly go over to socialism in the future; that is an irresistible law. But at the present stage our task is not to put socialism into practice, but to destroy imperialism and feudalism, change China’s present semi-colonial and semi-feudal status, and establish people’s democracy. This is what the youth of the whole country must strive for. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 2), 1965: 242-243.

3. 当一切经济学家谈论资本和雇佣劳动、利润和工资的现存关系，并向工人证明，工人无权分享取得利润的机会的时候，当他们想劝慰工人安于对资本家的从属地位的时候，他们总是向工人指出，工人与资本家正好相反，工人取得收入的某种固定性，这在或大或小的程度上并不为资本的巨大冒险行为所左右。——《马克思恩格斯全集（第四十六卷上）》，1979：15

3. All the economists, whenever they discuss the prevailing relationship of capital and wage labour, of profit and wages, and wish to prove to the worker that he has no right to share in the opportunities of gain and in general to reconcile him to his subordinate role vis-à-vis the capitalist, put great stress on the fact that the worker, in contrast to the capitalist, enjoys a certain fixity of income more or less independent of the great ADVENTURES of capital. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 28), 1986: 14.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
资本主义世界体系的形成以及全球资本主义的发展，使资本积累的阶级结构发生着历史性演变，形成了具有全球性、跨国性的全球阶级结构，包括两大对立的跨国资本家阶级和跨国工人阶级。——“‘跨国性阶级’资本主义观察的世界视野”，载于《学术探索》2016年第1期
The formation of the capitalist world system and the development of global capitalism cause historical evolution of theclass structure for capital accumulation. A global and transnational class structure has come into being, including two major rivals, the transnational capitalist class and the transnational working class.

例句 2：
当代社会顽强的经济事实使传统的政治经济学产生一些理论上的悖论，需要在吃透《资本论》基本精神前提下重新认识资本、资本家和资本主义。——“重读
《资本论》三题”，载于《中国浦东干部学院学报》2016年第6期
The economic facts of modern society has caused theoretical paradox in traditional political economy, which calls for a newinterpretation of capital, capitalist and capitalism that based on basic principles of the Capital.

例句 3：
在资本主义制度之下，资本家一切生产活动的目的就是无限获取剩余价值，实现价值增殖。——“资本主义制度下资本与生态的关系”，载于《石家庄经济学院学报》2015年第4期
In a capitalist system all productive activities of capitalists is to exploit surplus value and to realize the increase in value.