字词 | 观照(柏拉图的观审、康德的静观等) |
释义 | 观照(柏拉图的观审、康德的静观等)【英】contemplationguanzhao; a Buddhist wisdom for detecting changes of circumstances in Nature through meditation译文来源[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:477. 定义(1)佛教术语。观,指人之思维活动,有“智慧”之意。照,即照见、照明。《肇论》:“观照般若,照事照理故。”即以智慧照见事理,谓之观照(郑天挺等,2000:1267)。现代汉语承用,引申为显示、反映。(2)美学名词,是指在审美欣赏与创造过程中,主体精神集中,专注一境,达到一种超时空、超功利的审美境界。审美观照的主观条件是“虚静”。“虚静”包含静思、凝神、超功利等等涵义,是审美的前提和起点(钱鸿瑛,1992:49)。鲍山葵则认为:“到目前为止,审美态度好像是这样的:贯注在一个愉快的情感上,体现在一个可以静观的对象上”(鲍山葵,1983:5-6)。特别要强调的是,审美观照必须凝神专注,这是能否达到真正审美境界的关键所在;而“虚静”的心态正是为审美的凝神专注提供了心理基础。黑格尔认为艺术兴趣不同于欲望的实践兴趣,艺术观照不同于科学理智的认识性的探讨,因为艺术兴趣让它的对象自由独立存在,而欲望却要把它转化为适合自己的用途,以至于毁灭它(金炳华等,2001:477)。马克思主义美学认为,同周围世界孤立绝缘的绝对排除功利性的审美观照是不存在的,审美本身就体现了主客体的审美关系,经历了由感性向理性发展的过程。它是一种既要静观默察,排除直接的狭隘的实用功利目的,又有客观社会功利性;既有思维又有情感的认识活动和创造活动,是一种合规律性与合目的性相统一的主动积极的感受、体验、评价、创造,是导向实践激发人们行动的力量(金炳华等,2001:478)。 定义来源[1] 郑天挺,吴泽,杨志玖.中国历史大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2000. 例句1. 人类主体通过劳动自己创造自己,这是对简单的外在神创论的直接否定。同时,在人的劳动发生之前就已经异化的自然物质,随着劳动的运作,在劳动成果的形式上被提高到精神自觉创化物的层面。而且,面对“太阳下面没有新东西”的一般的自然观照的知性科学,开始向主体性有意识的实践认识转化。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:69 1. The assertion that through labor, subjective humanity creates itself is a direct rejection of the simple, externalized Creation theory. At the same time, through the effect of labor, the natural material that was already alienated before the emergence of human labor, was, in terms of the form of labor, elevated to the level of the products of conscious spiritual creative evolution. This also marked a conscious shift away from the noetic science of general interest in nature embodied by the biblical phrase, “nothing is new under the sun,” and towards subjective, conscious, practical knowledge. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 40. 2. 所以,反对黑格尔首先会是非概念化。通俗地讲,非概念性就是指还没有被抹去质的差别的活生生存在的具体事物,这当然也会是人之个别性的特殊存在。揭穿了说,这是创化新人本主义的克尔凯郭尔的“这个”或海德格尔的“此在”(有死者一定的在世中)已经挑明的讨论域,先说明一点,阿多诺当然不是简单地反对思想中的理性本质,并试图回到事物粗糙的感性表象,而是要求在深刻的思想中重新观照事物的具体特性。这就像柏格森和胡塞尔后来所一再标示出来的觉,并非感性直觉而是理性直觉一样,目的是造成凝固观念的重新变易和不逮性。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2011:14 2. So to oppose Hegel is to fight against non-conceptuality in the first place. Generally speaking, non-conceptuality means concretely heterogamous objects, namely the individual and particular presence. Indeed, it is the field exploited by new humanist Kierkegaard's “this one” or Heidegger’s “Dasein.” There is a point to be noted that, Adorno does not oppose to the rational nature in thought or turn to coarse external phenomena; rather, he attempts to reach the individual characteristics of things in profound thought. It is something like the concept of “intuition” mentioned by Bergson and Husserl. It means not a sensible intuition but a rational one that produces the changeability and the unattainability of the concretionary concepts. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2007: 32. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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