统治【英】

to rule; to dominate; rule; dominance/domination; dominant (adj.)

译文来源

[1] via: http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%u7EDF%u6CBB
[2] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 49, 51, 122.

定义

统治是建立在外在的强制力量基础上的控制方式，当社会秩序的维护者运用强制性的手段迫使他人去遵守既定规范时就表现为统治。在阶级社会中，统治是以普遍的政治压迫为基础的。统治阶级为了维护自己的利益，而以维护社会利益的名义制定了许多法律和规则，用以规范被统治者的行为。由于这些法律和规则是不利于被统治者的，所以会引起被统治阶级的反抗，而统治阶级则会动用国家机器强制性地推行或实施这些法律和规则，这就是统治，这种统治常常具有不可协调性（统治.via：
http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Duh-4mdO3LzgEcU1zS97P3XdlWcA3fwPIkU2GRQmwlJrVZJ1x9pR0qAv_TrSz17YpZ6iYjKGKEhStIuE10LS1CIjBIZGacurs9smY5ezgTu）。马克思主义国家学说经历了从“国家统治”到“国家治理”的发展轨迹。马克思主义创始人认为，国家的本质是阶级统治的工具，其职能包括政治统治和社会管理，而政治统治必须建立在社会职能基础上。列宁丰富和发展了无产阶级专政学说，提出无产阶级国家是新型民主和新型专政的统一。毛泽东等中国共产党人坚持马克思主义国家学说，提出了人民民主专政理论。改革开放以来，中国共产党通过改革社会主义政治制度，加强社会主义民主和法制，进一步丰富了马克思主义国家学说。中共十八大提出“国家治理”，十八届三中全会提出“国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”，把马克思主义国家学说发展到新的阶段（方涛，2014：30）。20世纪90年代以来，“治理”（Governance）一词广泛用于政治发展研究并被赋予了新内涵，强调的是公共部门同社会组织、个人对社会事务的合作管理。“统治”与“治理”既有相通之处也有实质性的区别，主要表现在五个方面。其一，权力主体不同；其二，权力的性质不同；其三，权力的来源不同；其四，权力运行的向度不同；其五，两者作用所及的范围不同，统治以政府权力所及领域为边界，而治理则以公共领域为边界，后者比前者宽广得多（方涛，2014：34）。马克思主义国家理论经历了从“国家统治”到“国家治理”的演进轨迹。从马克思恩格斯，到以习近平为总书记的党中央，马克思主义国家学说在不同阶段呈现不同的图景。

定义来源

[1] 统治.via：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=Duh-4mdO3LzgEcU1zS97P3XdlWcA3fwPIkU2GRQmwlJrVZJ1x9pR0qAv_TrSz17YpZ6iYjKGKEhStIuE10LS1CIjBIZGacurs9smY5ezgTu.
[2] 方涛.从“国家统治”到“国家治理” ——马克思主义国家学说中国化的历史演进[J].中共天津市委党校学报，2014（04）.

例句

1. 我发现，产生这种谬误的最重要的一个原因，就是黑格尔对资产阶级社会经济过程的谬认。有意思的是，黑格尔实际在一定的意义上真切地意识到资产阶级市民社会是一个颠倒的社会！这是因为：第一，在资产阶级市民社会中，正是抽象(一般劳动一价值一货币）现实地成为统治，这似乎进一步确证了黑格尔抽象观念决定论的现实高点。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：80

1. I have discovered that the most important cause that led to Hegel’s fallacious thinking was his misunderstanding of the economic process of bourgeois society. It is interesting that on a certain level, Hegel truly recognized that bourgeois civil society was an inverted society! This recognition took place because: first, in bourgeois civil society, the abstract (general labor--value--money) became dominant in reality. In reality, this seems to further confirm the high point of Hegel’s abstract determinism of the idea. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 49.

2. 这是由于物质利益成为个人的目的，绝对观念只是在一种盲目的“热情”和物欲中自发地起着隐性支配作用。而且，它颠倒地表现为个人在相互否定（争斗）中屈从于物化了的关系，在追逐量化了的财物的“恶无限”中根本丧失了主体！“由于这个现实体系完全处于否定性和无穷尽之中，因此，就其和肯定的总体关系而言，结果是这一体系必须受到这一肯定总体的完全否定的对待，并永远屈从于这种关系的统治”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：82-83

2. This is because material gain becomes the purpose of individuals; the Absolute Idea is only able to exert a latent effect on humans who exist in a state of blind “passion” and material lust. But Hegel, on the other hand, argued that “Needs and labour in this common good comprise an extraordinary system of commonality and common dependency in a large people; a life of its own of death, that through its blind and elementary movement this way and that, like a wild animal, requires constant, strict mastery and taming.” This is because material gain becomes the purpose of individuals; the Absolute Idea is only able to exert a latent effect on humans who exist in a state of blind “passion” and material lust. The Absolute Idea fundamentally loses subjectivity through the submission of individuals to materialized relationships through mutual rejection (struggle of competition) and the “limitless evil” of the quest for material, quantifiable possessions. As Hegel states in Natural Law: The Scientific Ways of Treating Natural Law, “As this system of reality resides wholly in the negative and infinite, thus follows its relationship to positive totality, that it be treated as completely negative by the same and must submit to its rule. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 51.

3. 马克思发现，国民经济学原理之要害是，只有一个人的利益同其他人的利益、社会的利益和个别人的利益相一致的时候，一般说来，只有在个别人的利益或生产被社会化了的时候，它才有实际意义，才是感性的、实存的真理。从这里出发——如果从经济学的内在逻辑上看——实际上可以走向古典经济学的资产阶级社会劳动，或者说走向社会必要劳动等问题。可马克思此时却认为，这种观点是私有制条件下敌对的利益“把人抽象掉的意义”，“平衡不过是撇开资本家和人的抽象的资本和劳动的平衡，正如社会仅仅是某种平均数那样”。由此可见，“在现代制度中，理性的规律只有通过把现存的关系的特殊性质抽象掉才能保持，或者说，规律仅仅以抽象的形式进行统治”。——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：168

3. Marx realized that the main point of the principals of national economics was that only when an individual’s interests were in line with the interests of others, social interests, and individuals--in general, only when an individual’s interests or production had been socialized--was there meaning, was there perceptual and existing truth. Starting from this point and looking from the perspective of the internal logic of economics, Marx could have moved towards issues such as the labor in the bourgeois society of classical economics, or towards necessary labor in society, etc. However, Marx felt at this time that doing so X would be for inimical interests, under the rule of private property, to “abstract away the human element.” He argued that “equality here is nothing but the equality that comes from removing the abstract capital and labor of capitalists and people, just as society is simply resembles a mean.” Thus it can be seen that “in the present system, the laws of rationality can only be preserved through abstracting away existing relations; in other words, laws only rule in an abstract form. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 122.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
马克思正确说明了思想统治和阶级统治的关系，即思想统治是阶级统治的表现，所谓思想或思想统治的至上性是不存在的。——“马克思意识形态批判视域中的
历史认知模式理论疏析——论马克思主义意识形态话语的历史基础”，载于《安徽大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第6期
Marx explained the relationship between idological domination and class ruling: ideological domination is the performance of class ruling, and so-called supremacy of thought and ideological domination doesn’t exist.

例句 2：
马克思在意识形态理论中不仅从政治的维度揭示了统治阶级通过编造虚假的观点来进行意识形态统治的做法，而且还从历史观的维度深刻地阐明了这种意识形态统治与生产方式发展水平之间的具体联系。——“马克思意识形态理论的双重维度：政治旳及历史观的”，载于《哲学研究》2015年第8期
In his theory of ideology, Karl Marx not only reveals, from the political dimension, the way of ruling class’s ideological domination by fabricating false viewpoints, but also figures out deeply, from the historical dimension, the concrete relations between this kind of ideological domination and the development of productive mode.

例句 3：
马克思提出其人类解放理论,是基于他对其所处时代的资本统治的根本性质的把捉；是针对资本的统治及其所带来的现代性困境；是为了把人类从资本统治中解放出来。——“重新理解马克思的人类解放理论”，载于《武汉大学学报（人文科学版）》2008年第1期
It will be elucidated that Marx based his theory of human emancipation on the following foundations: grasp of the nature of capital rule of his time, modern dilemma brought about by capital rule, and emancipation of man from capital rule therefrom.