字词 | 确定性 |
释义 | 确定性【英】certainty译文来源[1]冯契,徐孝通.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2000:821. 定义(1)美国杜威用语,指知识的真实性的特征。认为确定性的追求即从事实达到真实的知识。寻求确定性,是为了应对不确定性。而不确定性是由人们生活于其中的这个世界产生的。他认为只有知识世界才有确定性问题,事实世界只具有纯粹的经验,并不具有确定性(冯契等,2000:821)。杜威认为以往的哲学,在目的和认知方法上都表现了对确定性的寻求。在目的上,从古希腊哲学到近代哲学都有一个共同的前提,即认为或是在精神(主观)方面或是在物质(客观)方面,有一个最终的实在(张云,2004:127)。杜威揭示说:“只有完全固定不变的东西才能是实在的。确定性的寻求已经支配着我们的根本的形而上学”(约翰·杜威,2004:19)。对于如何寻求确定性,杜威认为人们寻求确定性的方式不能脱离开人的感性存在。确定性不是在人们认识活动之先,也不在人们实践活动之外。确定性就在世界之中,就在人自身上。这种确定性就是人们的生存能力。生存能力是人生之根本,是其他能力的基础,也可以说,其他能力都是生存能力的不同发展和体现。寻求确定性,就是要寻求人们生存能力的进步。杜威认为探究能促进这种能力进步,即通过证实的探索能够达到确定性。所谓探究,“是一套用来处理或解决问题情境的操作”(约翰·杜威,2004:230),是一种实验性质的科学的解决问题的能力,这种能力的增强是确定性的进一步的体现。杜威认为“靠纯心理的方法在认识上去寻求绝对的确定性的办法业已被废弃了,代之而起的是靠主动调节条件的方法来寻求具有高度概率的安全性”(约翰·杜威,2004:292)。 定义来源[1]冯契,徐孝通.外国哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2000:821. 例句1. 与第一次批判黑格尔的唯心主义哲学基础不同,这一次反思的焦点是黑格尔的批判方法。马克思先是简要提炼了《精神现象学》一书的纲目,从感性确定性的否定,经自我意识确定性非独立认证到理性确定性的最后阶段绝对知识,然后点明绝对知识一个去除了一切现象之现实规定的“纯粹的思辨的思想”,构成了黑格尔《哲学全书》第一部分《逻辑学》的起点。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:257 1. Unlike Marx’s first criticism of Hegel that targeted his Elements of the Philosophy of Right, Marx’s critique at this time begins with The Phenomenology of Spirit, which, according to Marx, is the “true point of origin and the secret of the Hegelian philosophy. Marx begins this critique by providing a simple outline of the table of contents of The Phenomenology of Spirit. Marx moves from Hegel’s refutation of sensuous affirmation, to the non-independent confirmation of self-conscious certainty, and finally to the final stage of rational certainty—absolute knowing. He concludes by explaining that absolute knowing, this pure speculative thought that eliminated all real qualifications of phenomena, formed the point of origin of the first part of Hegel’s Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences—The Logic of Hegel. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 194. 2. 以马克思此时的见解,黑格尔所否定的感性(确定性)意识并不是某种人之外的抽象观念的感性意识,而只能是人的感性意识。比如,“自然界的人性和历史所创造的自然界——人的产品——的人性”,绝不是抽象精神的产物,宗教、财富这一类东西也不是观念的异化,而只能是“人的对象的异化的现实,是客体化的人的本质力量的异化的现实”,所以,“宗教、财富等等不过是通向真正人的现实的道路”,而不是通向绝对观念消失的扬弃环节。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:258 2. In Marx’s opinion at this time, the sensuous consciousness (certainty) that Hegel refutes is not some sensuous consciousness of the abstract idea external to man, but is rather man’s sensuous consciousness. For instance, “The human character of nature and of the nature created by history—man’s products” are certainly not the products of some abstract spirit. Things such as religion and wealth are not estrangements of the idea either, but can only be “the estranged world of human objectification, of man’s essential powers put to work and…therefore but the path to the true human world,” and not the path towards the transcendence that comes in the disappearance of the Absolute Idea. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 195. 3. 当前,世界经济仍然充满不稳定不确定性,复苏将是一个曲折漫长过程。亚洲经济増长较为强劲。在此背景下,大家对中国经济前景都十分关心,我愿谈几点看法。中国发展形势总的是好的。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:113 3. The world economy is still in a phase of instability and uncertainty, and recovery will be a lengthy process of advances and setbacks. In contrast, economic growth in Asia is relatively robust. In this context, China’s economic prospects have become an issue of universal interest. I would like to share with you my views on this topic. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 125. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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