字词 | 理论 |
释义 | 理论【英】theory译文来源[1] 金炳华,冯契.哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2001:818. 定义理论是指人们对自然、社会现象,按照已知的知识或者认知,经由一般化与演绎推理等方法,进行合乎逻辑的推论性总结。理论来源于实践,理论随着实践的发展而发展。但不能因此认为,只要实践,就可以自然而然地形成理论。作出理论创新,特别是重大的具有原创性的理论创新,不是信手拈来、轻而易举的。恩格斯曾经说过:“即使只是在一个单独的历史事例上发展唯物主义观点,也是一项要求多年冷静钻研的科学工作,因为很明显,这里只说空话是无济于事的,只有靠大量的、批判地审查过的、充分地掌握了的历史资料,才能解决这样的任务”(马克思,恩格斯,1995:39)。实践是检验理论是否正确的惟一标准,只有经过实践检验的理论和经受得住长期的实践检验的理论,才有资格称得上真正正确的理论。但是理论与实际(或实践)之间的联系往往不是直接的,把理论应用于实际(或实践),需要经过一系列的中间环节。就大的环节而言,要先把理论观念变为实践观念,理论观念不能直接指导实践,只有实践观念才能直接指导实践(赵家祥,2005:5-11)。 定义来源[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第二卷)[M].人民出版社,1995. 例句1. 中国特色社会主义理论体系,是马克思主义中国化最新成果,包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观,同马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想是坚持、发展和继承、创新的关系。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:9 1. The theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the latest achievement in adapting Marxism to China’s conditions. It incorporates Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of the Three Represents and the Scientific Outlook on Development. It has inherited, continued and creatively developed Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 9-10. 2. 以我之见,正是这种理论方法,在具体经济学科中无意识地确立了社会历史观基本问题的唯物主义立场,马克思后来在1845年的《德意志意识形态》中所认识到的界定是:“在政治经济学里已经提出了一种思想:主要的剥削关系是不以个人意志为转移,是由整个生产决定的,单独的个人都面临着这些关系。”马克思的这个重要的理论界划表明,资产阶级早期政治经济学中已经存在着一种在社会生活中肯定物质生产和客观经济关系的唯物主义!——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:32 2. I believe that in the field of economics, this theoretical methodology unconsciously established the materialist standpoint that the interpretation of social history was the most fundamental issue. In 1845, Marx expounded on this definition of political economy in The German Ideology: “Political economy, however, had already given expression to the fact that the chief relations of exploitation are determined by production in general, independently of the will of individuals, who find them already in existence. Here Marx’s important theoretical differentiation demonstrates that in early bourgeois political economy there already existed a form of materialism that affirmed material production and objective economic relationships in social life! -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 8. 3. 这是因为他们两人都是辩证的思想家,而马克思的辩证法更是开放性的,没有止境:只要主观因素是与客观因素相统一的,理论便总是与实践不断地相互影响,并不断发展。马克思本人生前就曾改变,并发展了自己的政治观和经济观。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2005:2 3. For each was a dialectical thinker, and the Marxian dialectic in particular was open-ended: being a unity of subjective and objective factors, both the theory and the practice were constantly interacting and evolving. Marx himself had changed and developed his views, both political and economic, during his lifetime. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 2. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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