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字词 比例原则
释义

比例原则【英】

principle of proportionality

译文来源

Proportionality (law). via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(law)

定义

比例原则是许多国家行政法上一项重要的基本原则。学界通说认为,比例原则包含适当性原则、必要性原则和狭义比例原则三个子原则。狭义比例原则是广义比例原则的一个下位概念(比例原则.via:http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99)。比例原则是指行政机关在采取行政行为时,应当全面权衡有关的公共利益和个人利益,采取对公民权益造成限制或者损害最小的行政行为,并且使行政行为造成的损害与所追求的行政目的相适应。又称为禁止过度原则或者最小损害原则(马怀德,2015:47)。比例原则不是一个单一的概念,它在广义上是适当性原则(合目的性原则)、必要性原则(最小侵害原则)和狭义比例原则(公民、法人均衡性原则)的统一。比例原则以旨在保障权利、不得损害基本权利为基本前提,没有这一前提和基础,比例原则也便失去其用于权利限制之限制的意义(周占生,2015:146-147)。现代行政法面临的一个核心问题是如何将国家权力的行使保持在适度、必要的限度之内,特别是在法律不得不给执法者留有相当的自由空间之时,如何才能保证裁量是适度的,不会为目的而不择手段,不会采取总成本高于总利益的行为。这项任务就是通过比例原则来实现的。所谓比例原则,就是对行政手段与行政目的之间关系进行衡量,甚至是对两者各自所代表的、相互冲突的利益之间进行权衡,来保证行政行为是合乎比例的、恰当的(余凌云,2014:83)。

定义来源

[1] 比例原则.via:http://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99
[2] 马怀德.行政法与行政诉讼法[M].中国法制出版社,2015.
[3] 周占生.权利的限制与抗辩[M].科学技术文献出版社,2015.
[4] 余凌云.行政法讲义[M].清华大学出版社,2014.

例句

1. 人们批评希法亭过分强调了金融资本的重要性,因为金融资本的主导作用并不能持久;还有人批评他只注重流通领域,而不注重生产领域,因此,他把危机只看作各个生产领域之间比例失调的结果。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:61

1. Hilferding was criticised for attributing too great an importance to finance capital, whose dominant role was of short duration; and also for concentrating on the sphere of circulation rather than that of production (whence his view of crisis as simply the effect of disproportionality between different spheres of production). -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 66.

2. 考茨基从未持有绝对贫困化的理论,但他的确认为,资本主义所生产的剩余价值比以往任何时候都多;同时认为,无论工人怎样可能迫使雇主和国家提供较好的条件,但技术的进步必然意味着剥削的增加,因而在国民生产总值中为工人阶级所享用的比例必然下降。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:25-26

2. But he did claim that the surplus value produced by capitalism was larger than ever and that, however much the workers might force better conditions from their employers and from the state, increased technology necessarily meant increased exploitation; and therefore the proportion of the gross national product accruing to the working class would decline. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 29.

3. 然而,调查研究表明,消费虽然在绝对数字上是上升的,但从与剩余增长的比例来看,它却是下降的。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:344

3. But investigation shows that consumption, although rising in absolute terms, declines as a proportion of the rising surplus. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 358.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
比例原则包含“适当性”、“必要性”和“均衡性”三个子原则,其通过对“手段”和“目的”之关联性的考察,以确认国家权力对公民基本权利的干预有无逾越必要的限度。比例原则的精髓在于“禁止过度”,对包括民法在内的整个法律秩序发生作用。比例原则适用于民法不仅具有可行性,而且具有重大的理论意义和实践价值。——“比例原则在民法上的适用及展开”,载于《中国法学》2016年第2期
Principle of proportionality consists of three secondary principles, which are principle of necessity, principle of suitability,as well as principle of balancing. By using the relevance between “means” and “purpose”, principle of proportionality can exert the function of “restriction’s restriction”, in order to confirm the intervention of state power on fundamental civil rights not surpass the limits of necessity. Therefore, the essence of principle of proportionality is prohibition of excess, and such principle plays an important role in the whole legal system, as well as the system of civil law. The applicability of the principle to civil law is not only feasible, but also valuable both theoretically and practically.

例句 2:
就宪法基本权利的审查基准而言,一般最受关注的是源于德国的比例原则与美国的多元审查基准。与认为比例原则失于单一空洞,而多元审查基准较为精细详实的观点相反,本文认为比例原则绝非单一空洞。比例原则要求具体衡量、追求动态平衡,正体现了中国传统“执中行权”与“理一分殊”的精神,反映了“一”与“多”的辩证统一;若论精细详实,它实胜于多元审查基准。——“执中行权的宪法比例原则 兼与美国多元审查基准比较”,载于《中外法学》2015年第2期
Regarding the constitutional rights review, there is a view in China that the proportionality test, first developed in Germany, is deficient because of it

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更新时间:2024/9/30 7:42:24