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字词 对称与非对称
释义

对称与非对称【英】

symmetry and asymmetry

译文来源

[1] Symmetry. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry
[2] Asymmetry.via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry

定义

对称与非对称是指事物在结构、功能、空间、时间等方面的一种特别联系。对称,指事物相互联系中变换的不变性。非对称,是指事物在特定变换关系下所表现的可变性。对称和非对称普遍存在于自然界中,且形式多样。最直观的形式是形象的对称和非对称,如雪花六角等。事物内部结构的对称性和非对称性,称为结构对称,如晶体、分子等的结构。事物的形象对称和结构对称,统称为空间对称(金炳华,2003:375)。与结构对称相联系,事物还有功能对称,如有机化合物结构的对称性,使其性质也具有对称性。事物在时间上表现的周期性,称为时间对称,它标志事物运动变化前后的相似,如单摆周而复始的运动。客观事物的对称和非对称,反映到主观思维中,就形成概念的对称和非对称。概念的对称和非对称反映了事物本质内容的对称和非对称,如电子和正电子、正粒子和反粒子、物质和反物质等。
 人类对对称和非对称的认识,同人类文明一样古老。古希腊雕塑家波里克勒特(Polycletus,公元前5世纪)在《法规》一词中就使用了“对称”一词。把对称性理解为保持比例的平衡和用种比例构成的形式完美性。在中世纪的美学中,则“对称和平衡的观念”看成是“统治一切的”。历史跨入近代之后,对称和非对称在自然科学中得到广泛的研究。在数学中,最典型的是群论,它以抽象的数学形式表现变换中的不变性,精确化定量化地描述对称的多样性和多层次性。在化学中,通过对原子轨道、分子轨道的对称与非对称及其联系和转化的研究,总结出分子轨道对称守恒原理。生物学中,不仅研究和描述生物外形的对称和非对称,还研究生物微观结构的对称与非对称及其转化。现代物理学,特别是粒子物理学,对于对称和非对称有更深刻的认识。基本粒子间具有各种对称性,粒子物理学中的规范场论,就是以规范变换群下的不变性为特征,来说明各种基本物理量的理论。20世纪70年代中期,中国学者吴学谋建立泛系分析理论,提出“广义对称”或“泛对称”的概念,在更为普遍的意义上描述了事物或运动中的不变性。(金炳华,2003:375)

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 这某个他人幽灵注视着我们,我们觉得自己正被它注视着,并且是在任何共时性之外,甚至在我们的任何目光之前和之外,按照一种绝对的前后关联(它可能位于生成顺序是众多生成顺序之中)和不对称性,按照一种绝对不可控制的不对称性注视着我们。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:291

1. This spectral someone other looks at us, we feel ourselves being looked at by it, outside if any synchrony, even before and beyond any look on our part, according to an absolute anteriority (which may be on the order of generation, of more than one generation) and asymmetry, according to an absolutely unmasterable disproportion. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 383.

2. 有效实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。实行定向减税和普遍性降费,拓宽小微企业税收优惠政策范围,扩大“营改增”试点。加快财政支出进度,积极盘活存量资金。灵活运用货币政策工具,采取定向降准、定向再贷款、非对称降息等措施,加大对经济社会发展薄弱环节的支持力度,小微企业、“三农”贷款增速比各项贷款平均增速分别高4.2和0.7个百分点。同时,完善金融监管,坚决守住不发生区域性系统性风险的底线。——《2015政府工作报告》,2015

2. We have been effectively implementing proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy. We increased targeted tax reductions, reduced fees across the board, extended the coverage of tax relief policies to benefit more small and micro businesses, and expanded the trials to replace business tax with VAT to cover more industries. We sped up the process of making budgetary funds available for fiscal expenditures and put surplus budgetary funds to good use. By flexibly utilizing monetary policy instruments, making targeted cuts to required reserve ratios, carrying out targeted re-lending, and making asymmetric interest rate cuts, we stepped up support for weaker areas in economic and social development. Increases in loans made to small and micro businesses, and loans for agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, outdid the average increase in loans overall by 4.2 and 0.7 percentage points respectively. At the same time, regulation of the financial sector was improved and regional and systemic risks were forestalled. -Quoted from Report on the Work of Government, 2015.

3. 我这里想到的是由布莱希特的伟大剧作所提出的问题;尽管布莱希特使用了史诗戏剧和间离效果的概念,这些问题在本质上也许还没有得到完全的解决。我十分惊奇地看到,贝尔多拉西的剧本所具有的那种不对称和批判的潜在结构,基本上正是《大胆妈妈》和《伽里略》等剧本的结构。——《保卫马克思》,1984:118

3. I am thinking of the problems posed by Brecht’s great plays, problems which recourse to such concepts as the alienation effect or the epic theatre has perhaps not in principle perfectly solved. I am very struck by the fact that a latent asymmetrical critical structure, the dialectic-in-the-wing structure found in Bertolazzi’s play, is in essentials also the structure of plays such as Mother Courage and (above all) Galileo. -Quoted from For Marx, 1969: 142.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
实验室研究中所用的社会困境可以从4个方面来分类:“给-游戏”与“拿-游戏”、两人困境与多人困境、对称与非对称困境以及重复与非重复困境。——“实验社会心理学中的社会困境”,载于《心理科学进展》2007年第2期
Structure of social dilemmas in experimental research could be classified into four categories: give-some vs. take-some games, 2-person vs. N-person dilemmas, asymmetric vs. symmetric dilemmas, iterated vs. noniterated dilemmas.

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更新时间:2024/11/5 5:52:46