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字词 实体
释义

实体【英】

substance; entity

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:181.
[2] McLellan, D. Marxism after Marx: An Introduction [M]. London: Macmillan Press, 1998: 175.

定义

一般指事物或现象中常住不变的东西,或万物的基础。但是,不同的哲学派别对实体的解释不尽相同,甚至完全相反。唯物主义把实体看作是物质,并认为它在时间和空间上是无限的,是一切具体事物和现象的最后根源,是客观的独立存在的。荷兰的斯宾诺莎认为实体是唯一不变的、无限的存在,即自然界。实体是万物的内因,宇宙间除实体及其分株以外,不能有别的东西。唯心主义则把实体看作是精神。英国的贝克莱认为只有个人的心灵和上帝是实体,物质实体是根本不存在的,物是感觉的复合。列宁曾指出:“我们必须记住,贝克莱是把‘硬、软、热、冷、颜色、滋味、气味’等等作为他的哲学的基础的。在贝克莱看来,物是‘观念的集合’,而他所说的‘观念’正是上面所列举的那些质或感觉,而不是抽象的思想”(列宁,1988:15)。二元论者如法国的笛卡儿认为,世界的本原有两个:一个是精神实体,一个是物质实体,两者是并存的。上帝是个无限独立、全知和全能的实体,世界万物都是由上帝这个实体创造出来的。不可知论者休谟和康德,认为事物的实体是不可知的。休谟认为,无论是物质实体还是精神实体,我们是无法知道的。康德则认为实体是人的知性的纯粹范畴,是知性所固有的先天形式。现代西方科学哲学一般都否认实体的存在,认为实体是一个不可证实的,无意义的虚假概念。马克思主义哲学认为,从根本上说,物体、实体都是同一客观实在的概念,即都是物质。但马克思主义哲学在探索和说明世界的本质或本原时,更多的是用物质概念来代替实体概念。列宁说:“物的‘实质’或‘实体’也是相对的,它们只表现人对客体的认识的深化”(列宁,1972:268)。马克思主义哲学认为,世界是物质的世界,物质的世界是处于运动、变化和发展之中的,运动是物质的根本属性,脱离运动的物质是不存在的。物质形态是多种多样的,世界的统一性就在于它的物质性(刘炳瑛,1988:535)。

定义来源

[1] 列宁.列宁全集(第十八卷)[M].人民出版社,1988.
[2] 列宁.列宁选集(第二卷)[C].人民出版社,1972.
[3] 刘炳瑛.马克思主义原理辞典[Z].浙江人民出版社,1988.

例句

1. 在19世纪末和20世纪初,科学家当中逐渐出现了一种对其上辈进行颇为肤浅的唯物主义批判的态度。这集中体现在:自道尔顿(Dalton) 以来,长期认为实体的原子是基本的“宇宙之砖”的看法,改变为视原子为一团带负电荷的电子云的看法。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:104

1. Around the turn of the century there had developed among scientists a critical attitude to the rather crude materialism of their immediate predecessors. This was epitomised by the shift from Dalton’s longstanding view of the solid atom as the basic building block of the world to viewing the atom as a cloud of negatively charged electrons. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 113.

2. 从历史的角度看,卢卡奇对400多年来阶级意识的发展和局限性作了精辟的阐述。他认为,阶级意识本身只能随着工业革命出现,因为只有那时,阶级才变成民族的实体,阶级意识才由于资产阶级和无产阶级的两极分化而变得“更纯”一一尽管发达资本主义社会日益加剧的变动性和复杂性明显地给最终的阶级概念的界定造成一些困难。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:167

2. Historically, Lukács gave an excellent account of the development and limitations of class consciousness over the previous four centuries and claimed that class consciousness proper only emerged with the Industrial Revolution because only then did classes become national entities and consciousness become ‘purer’ with the polarisation of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, although the growing mobility and complexity of developed capitalist society would obvious create difficulties for this last conception. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 175.

3. 显而易见,阿多诺这里讲的二元论不是指斯宾诺莎式的实体二元论或康德式的二元世界,而是指一切哲学中主体与客体的分立。这是缘起于海德格尔的批判话语。——《文本的深度耕犁:后马克思主义思潮哲学文本解读》,2007:22

3. Obviously, Adorno's notion of dualism is neither identical with Spinozaian substantive dualism nor with the Kantian binary world, but rather referring to the segregation of subject and object in all kinds of philosophies, which can be traced back to Heidegger’s critical discourse. -Quoted from A Deep Plough: Unscrambling Major Post-Marxist Texts From Adorno to Zizek, 2011: 41-42.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
关于主权在法律选择中的体现主要有三个方面:一是主权的属地权威和属人权威表现的国家实体法的属地效力范围和属人效力范围,前者成为了传统法律选择理论的几乎是唯一的基础,而后者只有在柯里的“政府利益分析说”产生后开始受到广泛关注;但即使如此,这种以属人要素或属地要素选择准据法的方法(规则)也仅仅涉及了主权的形式含义。——《论冲突法上的侵权类型化与法律选择》,武汉大学博士学位论文,2012
In fact, three major aspects was embodied in choice of law by the significance of sovereignty, namely, one is the effective scope of substantive law in territory and persons which derived from territorial and personal authority of sovereignty respectively, the former of which has been taken as the sole ground that traditional choice-of-law theories based on while the latter of which began to attract attentions only after the introduction of  “governmental interest analysis” by Brainerd Currie 1960th. Even so, territorial and personal factors of torts relationship on which the methods (or rules) based to choose torts applicable law are only the formal aspects of sovereignty.

例句 2:
代位权是大陆法系国家民事实体法中的概念,自从我国《合同法》确立了代位权制度以来,关于该项制度,实体法学者已从实体法角度对其作了较为深入的研究。——《代位诉讼研究》,湘潭大学硕士学位论文,2004
Right of subrogation is a definition of civil substantive law in continental law system countries. Since the establishment of the subrogation system in “contract law” of China, the substantive law scholars have already done comparatively deep research to it in terms of substantive law.

例句 3:
实体识别在数据质量管理中起着重要地位。它

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更新时间:2024/11/5 5:42:24