国有化【英】

Nationalization; nationalisation

译文来源

Nationalization.via:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization

定义

国有化是政府把私人企业变成国营企业的做法。二战后西欧和北欧一些国家进行了国有化。国有化的背景是，二战中这些国家受到严重破坏，为了迅速恢复经济，实现科学技术的重大突破，并改造一些濒临破产的技术落后的私人企业，国家对这些行业的私人企业实现了国有化。当然，这些国家中政治上举足轻重的社会民主党及其生产资料国有化的主张也加速了国有化的进程。国有化的方法是，国家购买私人企业，国家对私人企业进行参股控制，或者国家进行直接投资。战后的国有化在20世纪50年代初期和70年代初期出现过两次高潮，这使得国有化企业在这些国家经济中占有一定的比例，并控制了运输、邮电、化工、钢铁、电子等基础工业与新兴工业部门。经济学界对国有化一直存在着激烈的争论，国有化的拥护者认为，国有化加速了经济恢复与发展，实现了重大的科学技术突破，并有利于社会安定。国有化的反对者认为，国有化降低了经济效率，造成企业管理水平低下。而且，由于国有化企业的亏损，加重了政府的财政负担。80年代初期，反对国有化的观点占了上风，从而在这些国家中出现了“非国有化”的浪潮。（刘伟，1994：510）

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社，1994.

例句

1. 我们实施区域发展总体战略。西部大开发继续推进，五年中央财政支持重点建设投资2800多亿元，基础设施和生态环境建设取得明显进展，重点地区和特色优势产业加快发展。制定和实施振兴东北地区等老工业基地战略，大型粮食基地建设不断加强，国有企业改革改组改造取得突破性进展，重大技术装备国产化成效显著，资源型城市经济转型试点进展顺利，老工业基地焕发出新的生机和活力。制定和实施促进中部地区崛起政策措施，粮食主产区现代农业建设步伐加快，重要能源原材料工业、装备制造业和综合交通运输体系进一步发展。东部地区继续率先发展，经济实力和整体素质显著提升。经济特区、上海浦东新区、天津滨海新区开发开放加快推进。这些重大举措，促进了区域经济合理布局和协调发展。——《2008年政府工作报告》，2008

1. We followed a master strategy for regional development. Continued progress was made in the large-scale development of the western region, with central government financial support for key projects totaling over 280 billion yuan over the last five years. Substantial progress was made in infrastructure development and ecological and environmental conservation projects, and development of key areas and industries with local advantages was accelerated. We formulated and implemented the strategy of rejuvenating the old industrial bases such as northeast China, increased efforts to develop large grain production bases, made breakthroughs in reforming, reorganizing and upgrading SOEs, made major progress in using domestically-produced key equipment in place of imports, and made smooth headway in the trial to transform the economies of cities dependent on resource exploitation. The old industrial bases are now showing new signs of vitality. We formulated and implemented policies and measures to promote development in the central region and made accelerated progress in developing modern agriculture in major grain-producing areas. Major energy and raw material industries, the equipment manufacturing industry and the overall transportation system were further developed. The eastern region continued to lead in development, with significant gains in economic strength and overall improvement. The process of developing and opening up the special economic zones, the Shanghai Pudong New Area and the Tianjin Binhai New Area was accelerated. These major measures promoted a better distribution and more balanced development of regional economies. -Quoted from Report on the Work of Government, 2008.

2. 这种对于反动阶级的改造工作，只有共产党领导的人民民主专政的国家才能做到。这件工作做好了，中国的主要的剥削阶级—— 地主阶级和官僚资产阶级即垄断资产阶级，就最后地消灭了。剩下一个民族资产阶级，在现阶段就可以向他们中间的许多人进行许多适当的教育工作。等到将来实行社会主义即实行私营企业国有化的时候，再进一步对他们进行教育和改造的工作。人民手里有强大的国家机器，不怕民族资产阶级造反。——《毛泽东选集（第四卷）》，1991：1366

2. Such remoulding of members of the reactionary classes can be accomplished only by a state of the people’s democratic dictatorship under the leadership of the Communist Party. When it is well done, China’s major exploiting classes, the landlord class and the bureaucrat bourgeoisie (the monopoly capitalist class), will be eliminated for good. There remain the national bourgeoisie; at the present stage, we can already do a good deal of suitable educational work with many of them. When the time comes to realize socialism, that is, to nationalize private enterprise, we shall carry the work of educating and remoulding them a step further. The people have a powerful state apparatus in their hands—there is no need to fear rebellion by the national bourgeoisie. -Quoted from Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Vol. 4), 1961: 419.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
在晚清电报业的社会化进程中，官方高度重视、全程参与、顺势引导，这一特殊现象表明了清廷对电报业的民族性“改造”。晚清电报业的国有化过程，亦是电报业民族性改造的过程。——“晚清电报业的社会化进程及其国有化”，载于《 重庆邮电大学学报（社会科学版）》2014年06期
As a newborn industry, modern China telegraph’s birth and development were under the Western factor’s influence, and this “the foreign substance”experienced the official force, the folk identification, the nationalization in the modern society, and displayed the universal characteristic that was showed in the Chinese society modernization advancement.

例句 2：
因此，“国有化”可能是中国民营企业面对政府侵害的应对措施。这对我们理解转型国家中民营企业的生存环境与政企关系具有重要意义。——“中国地区腐败对民营企业国有化的影响”，载于《经济理论与经济管理》2016年11期
Therefore, nationalization is the response that private firms use to deal with government’s violation, which will help us understand the operating environment of private firms and government-firm relationship in transition countries.

例句 3：
本文提出一个简单的不可再生资源数理模型，假定随着资源价格上升，国有化风险上升，考察资源价格与国有化风险的交互作用对资源开采行为的影响。——“国有化风险与不可再生资源开采”，载于《工业技术经济》2015年08期
This article proposes a simple nonrenewable resource model assuming the risk of nationalization increases with the resource price to examine the effect on resource exploitation of the interaction between resource price and nationalization.