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字词 同情
释义

同情【英】

sympathy; compassion; pity

译文来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:674.
[2] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6):  Manifesto of the Communist Party [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1976: 507.
[3] Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4):  The Holy Family [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1975: 99.

定义

同情是个人道德心理和品质之一,是对他人的不幸遭遇和处境在情感上发生共鸣,并给予道义上支持或物质上帮助的一种态度和行为。是爱的一种表现形式。其心理基础是承认他人的需要和利益的合法性,对他人的感情和思想能够理解,并准备促进这些愿望的实现。是人类在长期的共同生活和劳动中逐步发展起来的社会性情感,同时又是作为一个社会的人的最简单、最基本的本能特征之一。这种情感与个人利益同时产生,但它以一定方式限制了人们的个人主义,使个人将自己摆在他人的位置上,将心比心,设身处地地对待他人的需要和利益,并认为他人同自己同样重要。在历史上,大多数道德体系对同情心持肯定态度,但其内涵及表现形式并不一致,抽象的人道主义虽然认识到同情是人的一种最基本的本能特性,是对于一般人类同胞的善恶的感情表现;但他们不了解现实的人总是处于一定的社会关系之中,因而反映这种社会关系的人的感情也必定是具体的,历史的,世界上不存在超时代、超社会、超历史的永恒不变的感情;现实生活是不能不受到现实的社会关系的制约的。进步的人道主义者,虽然对被压迫群众具有真挚的同情心,但他们不了解被压迫群众受苦的根源以及摆脱苦难的根本途径,因此,这种同情在思想上常常表现为怜悯。共产主义道德把同情心作为人的基础情感之一,肯定同情这种人类的美好的道德感情,但它反对把同情理解为一种消极的怜悯。认为劳动者应该在反对剥削和不合理现象斗争中团结一致,自己解放自己。在伦理史上以同情感为道德基础的伦理学说,称为同情论(金炳华,2003:674)。亚当·斯密在《道德情操论》第一卷第一编给出“同情”的定义:人的天赋中总是明显地存在看这样一些本性,这些本性使他关心别人的命运,把别人的幸福看成是自己的事情……这种本性就是怜悯或同情,就是当我们看到或逼真地想象到他人的不幸遭遇时所产生的感情。”(亚当·斯密,1997:5-6)同情有助于激发旁观者发现或重新发现他与当事人之间某种休戚与共的亲密关系,并努力做好分享当事人成功或帮助当事人减轻痛苦的准备。

定义来源

[1] 金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.
[2] 亚当·斯密.道德情操论[M].商务印书馆,1997.

例句

1. 为了激起同情,贵族们不得不装模做样,似乎他们已经不关怀自身的利益,仅仅是为了被剥削的工人阶级的利益,才向资产阶级声罪致讨了。他们引为快事的是:写出一些刺激的文字来讥讽自己的新统治者,并向他低声细语地说出一些不祥的预言。这样就产生了封建的社会主义,其中半是哀怨,半是讥讽;半是过去的余音,半是未来的恫吓;它有时候固然也能用辛辣、俏皮而尖刻的评判刺中资产阶级的心,但是它由于自己完全不能理解现代历史进程的劣根性,却常常使人感到可笑。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四卷):共产党宣言》,1958:491-492

1. In order to arouse sympathy, the aristocracy were obliged to lose sight, apparently, of their own interests, and to formulate their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the exploited working class alone. Thus the aristocracy took their revenge by singing lampoons on their new master, and whispering in his ears sinister prophecies of coming catastrophe. In this way arose feudal Socialism; half lamentation, half lampoon; half echo of the past, half menace of the future; at times, by its bitter, witty and incisive criticism, striking the bourgeoisie to the very heart’s core; but always ludicrous in its effect, through total incapacity to comprehend the march of modern history. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 6): Manifesto of the Communist Party, 1976: 507-508.

2. 在这里,费尔巴哈的唯心主义就在于:他不是直截了当地按照本来面貌看待人们彼此间以相互倾慕为基础的关系,即性爱、友谊、同情,舍己精神等等,而是把这些关系和某种特殊的、在他看来也属于过去的宗教联系起来,断定这些关系只有在人们用宗教一词使之高度神圣化以后才会获得自己的完整的意义。在他看来,主要的并不是存在着这种纯粹人的关系,而是要把这些关系看做新的、真正的宗教。这些关系只是在盖上了宗教的印记以后才被认为是完满的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷):费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》,1965:327

2. Feuerbach’s idealism consists here in this: he does not simply accept people’s relations based on reciprocal inclination, such as sex love, friendship, compassion, self-sacrifice, etc., as what they are in themselves—without relating them back to a particular religion which to him, too, belongs to the past; but instead he asserts that they will attain their full value only when consecrated by the name of religion. The chief thing for him is not that these purely human relations exist, but that they shall be conceived of as the new, true religion. They are to have full value only after they have been marked with a religious stamp. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26): Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1990: 375.

3. 布鲁诺先生首先叙述了他对“群众”的无限同情。他把“他 和人群之间的鸿沟”作为“不断研究”的对象。他很想“认识这个鸿沟对未来的意义”(这一点也就是前面提到的认识“一切”事物),也很想“消除它”。可见,实际上他已经了解了这个鸿沟的意义。鸿沟的意义就在于被他消除。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二卷):神圣家族》,1957:127

3. First of all, Herr Bruno describes his infinite pity for the “Mass” He makes “the gap that separates him from the crow” an object of “persevering study.” He wants “to find out the significance of that gap for the future” (this is what above was called knowing “all” things) and at the same time “to abolish it”. In truth he therefore already knows the significance of that gap. It consists in being abolished by him. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 4): The Holy Family, 1975: 99.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
自我同情是指个体能够无条件地理解、宽容和悦纳自己,不回避自己所遭受的痛苦,敢于直面自身的缺陷,并且能把自身遭受的痛苦和缺陷看作是全人类共有的体验,以一种开放和宽容的态度接纳自己,帮助个体减轻痛苦,进行自我修缮。——《初中生自我同情问卷编制及其与道德推脱的关系研究》,河北师范大学硕士学位论文,2016
Self-compassion is that someone can understand, tolerant, and accept himself unconditionally. He doesn’t avoid the pain he suffered, instead he has courage to face his own shortcomings and defects, and thinks of these as a common experience of mankind.

例句 2:
叔本华以其意志论本体论和直观认识论为理论前提,以同情、公正和仁爱为核心范畴,建立了其同情伦理学体系,在一定程度上解决了理性主义伦理学缺陷,开阔了伦理学研究的视野并对后世伦理思想的发展产生了重大和深远的影响。在叔本华的同情伦理学体系中,对人性、对人的行为的发生机制以及人的心理的分析是深刻的。在他的体系中,人生的价值和意义,生命的痛苦和忧伤,悲剧人生的解脱等更直接关系人本身的问题成为了伦理学思考的主题。而这些即使在今天仍是人们所关心和思考的重大问题。他将同情伦理学与直观认识论结合起来,特别强调人的直观认识、直觉体验和反省顿悟在道德中的作用,这为我们反思和解决道德教育所面临的困境是有帮助的。——《叔本华同情伦理思想研究》,广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008
Schopenhauer established his Sympathetic Ethics as his Voluntarism Ontology and Intuitive Epistemology for theoretical premise, and as compassion, justice and love for the core areas,which resolved the ethical shortcomings of the rational to a certain extent,and broadened the vision of ethics research as well as brought a significant and profound impact on ethical thoughts development for later times. The analysis of human nature、the mechanism of human behavior and psychological is profound, as  well as the value and significance of life, th

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