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字词 农奴主 
释义

农奴主 【英】

feudal lord; serf owner

译文来源

[1]Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 29) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974: 476.
[2]金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003:329.
[3]Serfdom in Russia. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia

定义

农奴主是农奴制度下占有土地和不完全占有农奴的封建主(封建领主或地主),是封建地主阶级的一种,农奴制封建社会的统治阶级。大土地占有制是农奴主借以剥削和统治农奴的经济基础。封建主以奴役性条件给农民一小块份地,使他们世代被束缚在土地上和隶属于封建主,变成农奴;而封建主自己也就成为农奴主。农奴主不仅残酷地削剥农奴,强迫他们提供各种劳役、贡物和承担苛捐杂税,而且在其领属地内拥有行政司法权,设立法庭和监狱,对农奴实行残酷的统治。有的还有征收赋税、铸造货币等特权,甚至还有对农奴妻子的初夜权等等。农奴主可以对农奴任意打骂、审讯、直至处死,还可以任意没收农奴的财产和把农奴同土地一起出卖和转让。他们是其领地内的政治统治者。农奴主和农奴的矛盾是农奴制度的主要矛盾。农奴主的剥削不同于奴隶主,它不完全占有生产者——农奴,农奴有少量的工具和耕畜,有自己的经济和家庭,他们的劳动和自己的切身利益有较密切的关系,因而对生产有某种积极性,故封建社会能够创造出较奴隶社会更高的生产力。但是,这种进步性是很有限的(金炳华,2003:330)。中国西藏等地在实行民主改革前的封建统治者也是农奴主。旧中国西藏地区的农奴主包括地方封建政府、寺庙和贵族三个部分。西藏的农奴主阶级(包括农奴主代理人)约占西藏人口的百分之五左右,却占有西藏的全部土地、草场和绝大部分牲畜。

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003.

例句

1. 在历史上继这种形式之后的是另一种形式,即农奴制。在绝大多数国家里,奴隶制发展成了农奴制。这时社会基本上分为农奴主— 地主和农奴制农民。人与人的关系的形式改变了。——《列宁全集(第三十七卷)》,1986:64

1. This form was followed in history by another—feudalism. In the great majority of countries slavery in the course of its development evolved into serfdom. The fundamental division of society was now into feudal lords and peasant serfs. The form of relations between people changed. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 29), 1974: 476.

2. 农奴制农民仍然遭受阶级压迫,处于依附地位,但农奴主-地主不能把农民当作物品来占有了,而只有权占有农民的劳动,有权强迫农民尽某种义务。其实,大家知道,农奴制,特别是在俄国维持得最久、表现得最粗暴的农奴制,同奴隶制并没有什么区别。——《列宁全集(第三十七卷)》,1986:64

2. As far as the peasant serf was concerned, class oppression and dependence remained, but it was not considered that the feudal lord owned the peasants as chattels, but that he was only entitled to their labour, to the obligatory performance of certain services. In practice, as you know, serfdom, especially in Russia where it survived longest of all and assumed the crudest forms, in no way differed from slavery. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 29), 1974: 476.

3. 在中世纪,农奴制占优势。当时的国家形式也是多样的,既有君主制也有共和制(虽然远不如前者明显),但始终只有地主-农奴主才被认为是统治者。农奴制农民根本没有任何政治权利。——《列宁全集(第三十七卷)》,1986:69

3. In the Middle Ages feudalism predominated. And here too the forms of state varied, here too we find both the monarchy and the republic, although the latter was much more weakly expressed. But always the feudal lord was regarded as the only ruler. The peasant serfs were deprived of absolutely all political rights. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 29), 1974: 481.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
西藏和平解放以后,以达赖喇嘛为首的西藏上层农奴主为维护封建农奴专制制度发动叛乱,后失败流亡于印度,最终走上自决于人民的叛国道路。——《浅论“西藏问题”的历史演变和未来走向》,云南师范大学硕士学位论文,2007
After Tibet peace liberation, Dalai Lama Tibet upper Serf owners launched the rebellion in order to maintain the Feudal serf control system. Dalai escaped to India after the rebellion failure. Dalai betray his county.

例句 2:
一方面,藏区民户为元统治者承担相应的赋税和劳役,另一方面,农奴主阶级与中央王朝取得了贡赐的经济关系,开辟了农奴主阶级以政治交往取得经济权利和实力的途径。——《藏族农奴制经济的兴起》,中央民族大学硕士学位论文,2012
For one thing, the Tibetan people have to hear the corresponding taxes and labor work. For another thing, the serf owners and the central dynasty have made the Tribute economic relations which opened the way for serf owners to obtain economic rights and strength by political contacts.

例句 3:
西双版纳傣族领主制经济的外在形式是传统的农村公社,但农村公社已经完全异化为维护农奴主阶级经济剥削的工具。——《近现代西双版纳傣族经济政治研究(1840-1949)》,中央民族大学博士学位论文,2012
The external shape of Dai lords system economic of Xishuangbanna was the rural commune. But it was alienated completely a kind of tool that defended the economical leadership of lords.

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