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字词 公共产品
释义

公共产品【英】

public goods

译文来源

Report on the Work of Government 2015. via: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2015-03/16/c_134071473.htm

定义

公共产品是西方经济学公共财政理论的一个极其重要的概念。经济学家们通常把政府提供的公共或集体利益称为公共产品。然而当代西方经济学中所普遍接受的公共产品的概念起源于萨缪尔逊。萨缪尔逊在他1954年发表的《公共支出纯理论》一文中首次提出公共产品的概念并分析了均衡的条件。尽管萨缪尔逊的定义遭到不少经济学家的批评,但研究公共经济学的大多数西力经济学家接受了萨缪尔逊关于公共产品的概念,并对这概念进行了补充。尽管公共产品的概念在西方经济学中被广泛使用,但是要想对这一概念下一精确的定义是困难的。这不但是因为经济学家们对于公共产品有不同的理论,还由于公共产品所包括的范围很广,不同的公共产品在供给与需求特征上具有很大的差别。一种为多数西方经济学家接受的关于公共产品的定义是奥尔逊 (M.olson) 在他的《集体行为的逻辑 公共产品与群体行为》作出的。奥尔逊对公共产品的定义是“在一个拥有X1,X2,…,Xi…Xn 个消费者社会或团体中, 如果某消费者X1消费某产品(任意一种商品)而同时不能适当地排斥他人对该产品的消费,则该产品是公共产品。” 换言之,该团体或社会不能排斥那些没有购买该公共产品或对该公共产品提供支付的人分享该公共产品的消费。而在非公共产品,即私人产品场合,消费者消费自己的消费品时可以有效地排斥其他人的消费(假定不存在外部性) 。布坎南(J.M.Buchanan) 对于公共产品给出了类似的定义,布坎南在《民主过程中的公共财政,财政制度与个人选择》一书中指出“由个人组成的团体或社会根据任何原因决定以集团组织的名义提供的物品或劳务被定义为公共产品。”这里所定义的公共产品都是广义的公共产品。按照这一定义,凡是由团体提供的产品都是公共产品。某一种公共产品只可以使很小的团体,比如只包括两个人的小团体受益,而另一些公共产品却可以使很大的团体甚至是全世界的人都受益。(刘伟,1994)

定义来源

刘伟.经济学大辞典[Z].团结出版社,1994.

例句

1. 我们要把握好总体要求,着眼于保持中高速增长和迈向中高端水平“双目标”,坚持稳政策稳预期和促改革调结构“双结合”,打造大众创业、万众创新和增加公共产品、公共服务“双引擎”,推动发展调速不减势、量增质更优,实现中国经济提质增效升级。——《2015年政府工作报告》

1. Keeping in mind these requirements, we must focus on achieving the dual objectives of maintaining a medium-high-level growth rate and moving toward a medium-high-level of development. We need to maintain policy continuity and keep expectations stable while moving forward with reform and structural adjustment, and we need to develop twin engines to drive development: popular entrepreneurship and innovation, paired with increased supplies of public goods and services. This will ensure that our growth rate is adjusted without weakening momentum and that growth in quantity is underpinned by greater quality, thereby achieving a better-quality, more efficient, upgraded economy. -Quoted from Report on the Work of Government, 2015.

2. 二是大力推进结构性改革。当前发展中总量问题与结构性问题并存,结构性问题更加突出,要用改革的办法推进结构调整。在适度扩大总需求的同时,突出抓好供给侧结构性改革,既做减法,又做加法,减少无效和低端供给,扩大有效和中高端供给,增加公共产品和公共服务供给,使供给和需求协同促进经济发展,提高全要素生产率,不断解放和发展社会生产力。——《2016年政府工作报告》

2. Second, make major headway in carrying out structural reform. At present, we face problems both with aggregate supply and demand and with our structures. The structural problems are more acute, and reform should be conducted to adjust these structures. While working to achieve an appropriate expansion of aggregate demand, we need to give particular emphasis to structural reform on the supply side, reducing supply in some areas while increasing it in others. This means that we need to reduce ineffective and lower-end supply while increasing effective and medium- and high-end supply, increase the supply of public goods and services, ensure that development is driven by both supply and demand, and improve total-factor productivity. This should enable us to unleash and develop productive forces. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016.

3. 增加公共产品有效投资。确保完成“十二五”规划重点建设任务,启动实施一批新的重大工程项目。主要是:棚户区和危房改造、城市地下管网等民生项目,中西部铁路和公路、内河航道等重大交通项目,水利、高标准农田等农业项目,信息、电力、油气等重大网络项目,清洁能源及油气矿产资源保障项目,传统产业技术改造等项目,节能环保和生态建设项目。—— 《2015年政府工作报告》

3. We will increase effective investment in public goods. We will ensure that the projects set out in the 12th Five-Year Plan are completed. We will launch a number of major new projects, including: projects for rebuilding rundown urban areas and renovating dilapidated housing, urban underground pipe network projects, and other projects to improve living standards; major railway, highway, and inland waterway transport projects in the central and western regions; agricultural projects on water conservancy arid developing high-quality farmland; projects that involve major information, electricity, oil, and natural gas networks; clean energy projects, and oil, natural gas, and mineral resource supply projects; projects for upgrading traditional industries; and energy-saving, environmental protection, and ecological conservation projects. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2015.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
欠发达各地区的农村公共产品供给呈现出较强的空间效应,一个地区的农村公共产品供给同时通过空间自回归和空间误差的方式影响邻近地区的农村公共产品供给。——《欠发达地区农村公共产品供给及其效应研究》,西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2012
Therefore, the regional factor is obvious in less developed areas. The supply in one region will have an impact on that of neighboring areas via spatial autoregressive model or spatial disparity.

例句 2:
农村公共产品供给是“三农”问题的重要一环,也是当前建设社会主义新农村的一个关键所在,涉及农村经济和社会发展的速度和质量。——《创新与重构:新农村建设背景下的农村社区公共产品供给制度分析》,吉林大学博士学位论文,2014
Rural public good supply is an essential part of three-dimensional rural issues, as well as the key of building a new socialist countryside, involving the speed and quality of rural economic and social development.

例句 3:
中国通过主导“一带一路”沿线地区公共产品的提供,可改善因美日欧经济停滞所导致的公共产品供应能力的不足,推动沿线各国发展战略的对接与耦合,形成一个以中国为中心节点的合作体系网。——“公共产品视角下的‘一带一路’”,载于《世界经济与政治》2015年06期

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