| 字词 | 以 |
| 释义 | »» 以 yǐ MC yiX 1. to use; typically occurring in secondary-VB phrases, i.e., in co-VB phrases, indicating “to take up and use as a means for some purpose or to some end,” where the main-VB phrase indicates the purpose or end: a. transitively, to use, take (up); e.g. 以兵二萬伐大荔 yǐ bīng èrwàn fá dàlì, using 20,000 troops they mounted a strike on Dali; 以陽人地賜周君 yǐ Yángrén dì c. Zhōujūn, he took the area of Yangren and bestowed it on the lord of Zhou; 周人以殷人之棺槨葬長殤 Zhōurén yǐ yīnrén zhī guānguǒ zàng chángshāng, The people of Zhou used the coffin-sets of the Yin to bury those who died in late adolescence. (This sense is often the equivalent of 2a below.) b. intransitively, the grammatical SUBJ of the co-VB phrase being the patient of the “taking up and using”: e.g. 禮以行之 lǐ yǐ xíng zhī, implement it using the rites; 巾以帨手 jīnyǐ shuì shǒu, use a kerchief to wipe off one’s hands; 器以鍾之 qìyǐ zhōng zhī, gather them up using the instruments. (This sense is seen mostly in the attenuated forms of 3a-3e below.) 2. transitive uses where the VB-sense has become reduced or attenuated: a. use as a tool, instrument, or means > with, by means of; e.g. 臣事君以忠 chén shì jūn yǐ zhōng, the vassal serves the lord with loyalty; 不以其道得之 bùyǐ qí dào dé zhī, one does not obtain it by means of his proper doctrine; 欲以力征經營天下 yù yǐ lì zhēng jīngyíng tiānxià, he wanted to undertake a corrective expedition to gain complete control of the subcelestial realm by force. (This sense is often the equivalent of 1a and can functionally be thought of as “instrumental.”) b. use as a basis, rationale, pretext, model or guideline > because of, according to; e.g. 君使臣以禮 jūn shǐ chén yǐ lǐ, the lord employs the vassal according to the rites; 使民以時 shǐ mín yǐ shí, employ the people according to the season; 以芻蕘之難，從者之病，將館子於都 yǐ chúráo zhī nán, cóngzhě zhī bìng, jiāng guǎn zǐ yú dū, Because of the problem with fodder and feed, and the illnesses of your followers, we will lodge you in the capital city; 以是知其能 yǐshì zhī qí néng, By means of this (> thus) he knew their abilities. c. in 以 X 爲 Y constructions: to make X into Y, take up X as Y, regard or consider X as Y; e.g. 以國爲姓 yǐ guó wéi xìng, to take the state (name) as a surname; 秦方以天下爲事 qín fāng yǐ tiānxià wéi shì, Qin now is regarding the whole subcelestial realm as its affair; 以其地爲郡 yǐ qí dì wéi jùn, they made his land into an administrative district. d. after 何 hé “what”: interr. , by means of what > how; e.g. 何以行之 héyǐ xíng zhī, how to put it into practice?; 何以相救哉 héyǐ xiāngjiù zāi, how will they ever come to the aid of each other? e. after the main VB-phrase in a transferverb construction, introducing the thing transferred; e.g. 授舜以天下 shòu Shùn yǐ tiānxià, he handed the subcelestial realm over to Shun; 天子賀以黼黻 tiānzi hè yǐ fǔfú, the Son of Heaven rewarded him with an ornately embroidered ritual garment; 教之以仁政 jiào zhī yǐ rén zhèng, they instructed him in the ways of humane government; 必告之以其制 bì gào zhī yǐ qí zhì, you must advise him of their institutions. f. preceding the VB-phrase in a transfer-VB construction when the word or phrase for the thing transferred (i.e. the direct object of 以) is deleted; e.g. 必以告新令尹 bì yǐ gào xīn lìngyǐn, you must report it to the new commanding officer; 以告於君 yǐ gào yú jūn, he reported it to the lord. g. as an apocopated form of 所以 suǒyǐ “that which is used (as a means for some purpose or to some end)”: means, wherewithal; e.g. 不知命，無以爲君子也。不知禮，無以立也。不知言，無以知人也 bù zhī mìng, wú yǐ wéi jūnzi yě; bù zhī lǐ , wú yǐ lì yě; bù zhī yán, wú yǐ zhī rén yě, If you do not understand fate, then you lack the means to serve as a junior lord; if you do not understand the rites, then you lack the means to be established; if you do not understand language, then you lack the means to understand mankind. 3. intransitive uses where the verbal sense has become reduced or attenuated: a. taking up and using as a reference point or starting point > from: e.g. 地震河南以東四十九郡 dìzhèn Hénán yǐ dōng sìshíjiǔ jùn, the earthquake extended to 49 commanderies east from Henan; 易水以北未有所定也 yìshǔi yǐ běi wèiyǒu suǒdìng yě, there are not yet any settlements in the area from the Yi river north. b. after 是 shì “this”: in this way, by means of this > thus, hence; e.g. 是以謂之文 shì yǐ wèi zhī wén, Thus we refer to him as “cultured”; 是以久秦晉不相攻 shì yǐ jiǔ qín jìn bùxiāng gōng, In this way for a long time Qin and Jin did not attack each other. c. in a VB-phrase 1 以 VB-phrase 2 context: use VB-phrase 1 to achieve VB-phrase 2, by means of VB-phrase 1 to carry out VB-phrase 2; (given, in view of) VB-phrase 1, thereby VB-phrase 2 > in order to, as a means or basis for, thereby” e.g. 阻其山以保魏之河內 zǔ qí shān yǐ bǎo Wèi zhī Hénèi, they blocked off their mountainous region in order to protect the Henei area of Wei; 欲請兵以攻豐 yù qǐng bīng yǐ gōng Fēng, they were about to request troops in order to attack Feng; 能執干戈以衛社稷 néng zhí gān’gē yǐ wèi shèjì, they are able to grasp staff and spear in order to protect the altars of soil and grain; 聰以知遠，明以察微 cōng yǐ zhī yuǎn, míng yǐ chá wēi, in view of his intelligence, he will understand remote matters; in view of his perspicacity, he will discern fine details. d. when occurring alone: using (unspecified OBJ) for some purpose or to some end > thereby, in this way, by this means; e.g. 欲以并天下 yù yǐ bìng tiānxià, he wished thereby to unite the subcelestial realm; 不敢以治水 bùgǎn yǐ zhì shǔi, he dared not in this way try to control the waters; 以服事殷 yǐ fú shì yīn, in this way he submitted and served the Yin. e. in 以爲 Y constructions: to take (some X not stated) as Y, regard (some X not stated) as Y, to think or consider that, to make (some X not stated) into Y; e.g. 以爲秦國尉 yǐ wéi qín guó wèi, he made him the state protector of Qin; 以爲楚地兵不足憂 yǐ wéi chǔ dì bīng bùzú yōu, he thought that the troops of the Chu area were not worth being concerned about; 民以爲將拯己於水火之中也 mín yǐ wéi jiāng zhěng jǐ yú shǔi huǒ zhī zhōng yě, the people thought that he would raise them up from amidst the water and fire. f. after 可 kě “to be able,” 足 zú “to be sufficient,” 難 nán “to be difficult,” and 易 yì “to be easy,” makes the following VB-phrase active; e.g. 可以終身行之 kěyǐ zhōngshēn xíng zhī, one can practice it to the end of one’s days; 書足以記名姓而已 shū zúyǐ jì míngxìng éryǐ, writing is sufficient for nothing more than recording names.
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