| 字词 | 而 |
| 释义 | »» 而 ér MC nyi 1. VB-phrase conjunction, occurs between two VB-phrases subordinating the former to the latter, indicating generally that the action or state of the second VB-phrase occurs under the circumstances or conditions of the first, thus typically conveying a sequential, temporal, or implied causal relation; cog. nǎi 乃 “only then,” zé 則 “then.” This can be expressed in a variety of ways, such as: a. “VB-phrase 1, and then VB-phrase 2”; e.g. 王顧左右而言他 wáng gù zuǒyòu ér yán tā, The king looked over at his attendants and then spoke of something else; 歸而求之 guī ér qiú zhī, Return home and then seek it. b. “having (done) VB-phrase 1, then VB-phrase 2”; e.g. 不遠千里而來 búyuàn qiānlǐ ér lái, Not having considered a thousand li too great a distance, you have come; 坐而言 zuò ér yán, Having sat down, then he spoke. c. “after VB-phrase 1, (then) VB-phrase 2”; e.g. 見其禮而知其政 jiàn qí lǐ ér zhī qí zhèng, After having seen their rituals, then you will know about their government; 孔子登東山而小魯 kǒngzǐ dēng dōng shān ér xiǎo lǔ, After ascending the Eastern Mountain, Confucius looked upon the state of Lu as small. d. “when VB-phrase 1, (then) VB-phrase 2”; e.g. 子生而色赤 zǐ shēng ér sè chì, When the child was born its color was red; 見之而心醉 jiàn zhī ér xīn zuì, When he saw it his feelings were as if intoxicated. e. “if VB-phrase 1, then VB-phrase 2”; e.g. 彼白而我白之 bǐ bǎi ér wǒ bǎi zhī, If those are white, then I treat them as white; 不得而非其上 bùdé ér fēi qí shàng, If someone does not get [what he wants], then he faults his superiors. f. 而已 éryǐ, at end of a VB-sentence, results in the rhetorical coda “and that is the end of it, and that’s all there is to it, and that’s that”; e.g. 九人而已 jiǔrén éryǐ, nine people, that’s all; 食粟而已 shísù éryǐ, I eat millet and that’s it; 志於仁而已 zhì yú rén éryǐ, incline yourself toward humaneness, and that’s all there is to it. (The coda 而已 éryǐ is very often followed by the perfective-aspect final GP 矣 yǐ for additional rhetorical effect.) 2. as a particular sense of the general subordinating function, the construction can also have an adversative sense: “but,” “yet”; e.g. 士無事而食 shì wúshì ér shí, The official is devoid of service, but eats [all the same]; 位卑而言高 wèi bēi ér yán gāo, His status was low, yet he talked of exalted things; 可以言而不言 kěyǐ yán ér bùyán, He could have spoken, but he didn’t speak. 3. occurring after a noun or noun-phrase and before a VB-phrase, gives a mild adversarial or ironic sense; e.g. 匹夫而有天下 pǐfū ér yǒu tiānxià, A simple chap, yet he possesses the subcelestial realm. 4. ⦿ 爾 ěr 1, 2nd-person pronoun, esp. as SUBJ or possessive, “you, your”; e.g. 余知而無罪也 yú zhī ěr wúzuì yě, I know that you are free of misdeeds; 必使而君 bì shǐ ěr jūn, it is necessary to send your lord.
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