| 字词 | 然 |
| 释义 | »» 然 rán MC nyen 1. burn; light a fire, kindle; ⦿ 燃 rán. 2. to be like this, to be so, to be such; to be like something is expected to be, to be natural; e.g. 自然 zìrán, what is so-of-itself, naturally so, what is as-it-is (N.B. when used as noun, better not to translate as “nature” or “Nature,” to avoid confusion with 性 xìng, inborn nature, inherent tendencies). 3. descriptive ADV suffix: -like, -ly; needs to be rendered ad hoc according to context; e.g. 俄然覺 érán jué, momentarily I awoke; 卒然問 cùrán wèn, to ask abruptly; 夫子喟然歎曰 fūzi kuìrán tàn yuē, Confucius exasperatedly sighed and said; 孔子泫然流涕 kǒngzi xuànrán liútì, Confucius let the tears flow in beaded profusion; 忽然出，勃然動 hūrán chū, bórán dòng, emerging suddenly, moving abruptly. a. VB-phrase suffix, often with rdup. verbs, suggesting an expressive, imprecise, impressionistic, or Gestalt sense, likeness, or demeanor; to be rendered ad hoc according to context; e.g. 勿視其巍巍然 wùshì qí wéiwéirán, do not look at their grandiose-great demeanor; 由由然不忍去也 yóuyóurán bùrěn qù yě, calm-and-contentedly, he could not bear to leave; 栩栩然胡蝶 xǔxǔrán húdié, a flittering-fluttering butterfly. b. adverbial VB-phrase suffix redundantly followed by 而 ér: VB-phrase 然而, X ránér; e.g. 規規然而求之 guīguīrán ér qiú zhī, probingly to seek for it; 囅然而笑 chǎnrán ér xiào, to laugh heartily. c. redundant suffix to a ruò 若 X or rú 如 X, ‘like X’ VB-phrase: 若 X 然 ruò X rán or 如 X 然 rú X rán, usu. not readily translatable; e.g. 夫道若大路然 fú dàoruò dàlù rán, the Way, in any given respect, is like a great path (so); 今言王若易然 jīn yán wàng ruò yì rán, now speaking of ruling as a king as being easy (like); 若是小丈夫然ruò shì xiǎo zhàngfu rán, like these petty chaps (so); 如見其肺肝然 rú jiàn qí fèi gān rán, it is like seeing one’s lungs and liver (so). 4. conjunction, usu. indicating contrast or opposition with preceding VB-phrase: but, however, yet; it being so (as just stated), nevertheless . . .; e.g. 周勃重厚少文然安劉氏者必勃也 Zhōu bó zhònghòu shǎowén rán ān liúshì zhe bì bó yě, Zhou Bo is thick-witted and lacking refinement, yet the one who can make the Liu clan secure is certainly Bo.
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