交易【英】

deal; transaction; exchange

译文来源

[1] Lukács, G. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectic [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1971: 14.
[2] Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 294.
[3] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 314.

定义

交易原指以物易物，后泛指买卖商品（郝迟，1987：927）。交易根据不同的标准可以分为不同的类型，根据交易媒介的不同，可以分为：（1）通过某种货币为媒介，买卖行为是关键因素。（2）物物交换，即两种物品或服务之间不通过任何媒介或货币进行的交换。礼物交换是否包括在交易的范畴内是有争议的。根据距离的不同，交易由可分为“远距离的”交易和“顺线而下的”交易。（1）远距离交易即从物品的原产地将物品运走。交易远征是普遍的形式，在古代近东有这种交易远征的大量考古证据。交易双方中的一方拥有武器的优越性就能够对交易强加某些条款，这种情形如同部落之间的情形。另外一个从远方获得物品的方法就是可广泛见于民族志记载的被称为顺线而下的交易。（2）顺线而下的交易指物品从一个地方群体转到一个邻近的地方群体中交易。物品是包含在同一个交换过程中的，每一种物品相对于他者的相对价值在于其对远方的有用性。交易使人们能够在当地获得外地的物品或服务，实际上所有的人类社会都已卷入这样的交易之中。在这种扩大当地人获取外来物品和资源的作用中，交易可以增进当地人管理环境的能力。此外，还可起到与相邻社会保持和平社会关系的作用（李鹏程，2003：150-151）。

定义来源

[1] 郝迟.汉语倒排词典[Z].黑龙江人民出版社，1987.
[2] 李鹏程.当代西方文化研究新词典[Z].吉林人民出版社，2003.

例句

1. 因此，盘剥的实质是纯粹资本主义的，而全部特点在于资本主义关系的这种最初萌芽形式完全 被以前的农奴制关系覆盖着:这里没有自由契约，而有迫不得己的 交易（有时靠“长官”命令，有时靠维持经济的愿望，有时靠旧债等等来实行的交易），这里生产者被束缚于一定的地方和一定的剥削者，同纯粹资本主义关系所固有的商品交易的非个人的性质相反，这里的交易必定具有“帮助”和“施舍”的个人的性质，而交易的这种性质必然使生产者处于人身的、半农奴制的依附状态。——《列宁全集（第一卷）》，1984：413

1. Hence, it is purely capitalist in essence, and the entire peculiarity consists in the fact that this initial, embryonic form of capitalist relations is totally enmeshed in the feudal relations of former times: here there is no free contract, but a forced deal (sometimes by order of “those at the top,” sometimes by the desire to keep their undertakings, sometimes by old debts, etc.); the producer is here tied to a definite place and to a definite exploiter: as against the impersonal character of the commodity deal that is peculiar to purely capitalist relations, here the deal always has the personal character of “aid,” “benefaction,”—and this character of the deal inevitably places the producer in a position of personal, semi-feudal dependence. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 314.

2. 古典经济学无法越过固定资本和流动资本的区别，决非偶然。因为“可变资本不过是劳动者为维持有耳生产自己所必需的生活资料基金或劳动基金的一种特殊的历史的表现形式：这种基金在一切社会生产前度下都始接必须在劳动者本身来生产却再生产。劳动基金既以不断以工人劳动的支付手段的形式捷回到工人手里，只是理为工人自己的产品本黯以资本的形式离开工人。产品的商品影式和商品的货币形式掩盖了这种交易”。——《历史与阶级意识：关于马克思主义辩证法的研究》，1996：63

2. Classical economics was unable to go beyond the distinction between fixed and circulating capital. This was not accidental. For “variable capital is only a particular historical manifestation of the fund for providing the necessaries of life, or the labour-fund which the labourer requires for the maintenance of himself and his family, and which whatever be the system of social production, he must himself produce and reproduce. If the labour fund constantly flows to him in the form of money that pays for his labour, it is because the product he has created moves constantly away from him in the form of capital.…The transaction is veiled by the fact that the product appears as a commodity and the commodity as money.” -Quoted from History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, 1971: 14.

3. 凡在市民的或政治的生活中卷入其间的竞争就完全是一种运气赌博，从交易所投机到谋求官职，争夺顾客、寻求工作、钻营攫升和勋章，一直到牟取暴利。......社会主义者欲图阻止这一碰运气的活动，并建立一个社会，这个社会里，人们不再为幸运所束缚，而是从中解放出来。¬¬——《回到马克思：经济学语境中的哲学话语》，2009：382

3. Competition, in which alone civil or political life unrolls itself, is a game of luck through and through, from the speculations of the exchange down to the solicitation of offices...The Socialists want to put a stop to this activity of chance, and to form a society in which men are no longer dependent on fortune, but free. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 294.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
交易费用概念由科斯创立并成为新制度经济学的核心范畴。——“交易费用理论综述”，载于《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2013年第2期
The concept of transaction cost introduced by Ronald Coase has become the core of the New Institutional Economics.

例句 2：
中国是世界第二大温室气体排放国，是全世界核证减排量（CERs）一级市场上最大供应国，但在碳交易过程中却处在整个碳交易产业链的最低端，只是碳交易市场的参加者，碳交易市场规则的执行者。——“国际碳交易市场发展对中国的启示”，载于《中国人口•资源与环境》2011年第4期
China ranks the second in greenhouse gas emissions and is the biggest supplying country in CERs in the world-level market. However, China, lying at the bottom of the industrial chain of carbon transaction, is only a participant in carbon market and a follower of the carbon market rules.

例句 3：
近年来，关联交易盈余管理愈演愈烈，极大地损害了投资者的利益。——“关联交易、线下项目与盈余管理——来自中国上市公司的经验证据”，载于《中国会计评论》2008年第1期
Recently, earnings management through related party transactions has become popular, which evidently does harm to the interests of investors.