字词 | 交换价值 |
释义 | 交换价值【英】exchange value; value-in-exchange译文来源Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 449, 481. 定义交换价值指一种商品同另一种商品相交换时的数量比例。交换价值首先表现为一种使用价值同另一种使用价值相交换的量的关系或比例。在《资本论》第一卷中,马克思说:“交换价值首先表现为一种使用价值同另一种使用价值相交换的量的关系或比例,......”(马克思,恩格斯,1972:49)。如1把锄头换5公斤小麦,这5公斤小麦就是1把锄头的交换价值。其次表现为商品价值的现象形式。1把锄头可以与5公斤小麦彼此交换,就是因为生产1把锄头所耗费的劳动与生产5公斤小麦所耗费的劳动相等。所以,价值是交换价值的内容,交换价值是价值的表现形式(刘炳瑛,1988:291)。一定量的某种商品可以按各种不相同的比例与许多其他商品相交换。因此,交换价值不只一种,而是多种。不同商品可以按一定比例交换,说明它们之间存在一种可以使它们相等的共同东西。这个共同东西不是商品的使用价值,因为使用价值千差万别,无法进行比较。撇开商品的使用价值,商品还有另外一个属性,即都是人类劳动的产物,其中凝结着一般人类劳动,它构成商品的价值。所以,价值是决定商品交换比例即交换价值的基础。也就是说,商品之所以能按一定的比例相交换,是因为它们含有相同的价值量(刘树成,2005:514)。 定义来源[1] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯全集(第二十三卷)[M].人民出版社,1972. 例句1. 作为“第二大社会形态”的现有的资本主义社会,始终是马克思历史分析的主要对象。当然,马克思首先需要面对的还是资本主义社会物质生产能力极大发展的现状。这种发展的一个根本性动因是,物质生产摆脱了个人的直接需要,生产的目的从过去那种具体的物品效用变成了交换价值。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:567 1. The present capitalist society, as the “second great social form,” was consistently the primary object of Marx’s historical analysis. Of course, what Marx had to face first was the present reality of the enormous increase in material productive forces of capitalist society. A fundamental impetus of this development was the departure of material production from the immediate needs of individuals, and the transformation of the goal of production from past, concrete, value-in-use to value-in-exchange. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 449. 2. 其次,马克思在历史现象学建构的前期,从交换价值到货币的现象学批判中已经先后使用了社会关系的物化和颠倒这样的理论指认,可是,在资本与劳动这种深层的本质关系上,物化与颠倒这样的规定性仍然不能准确地定位这种现实发生的社会关系的自反性。于是,科学的关系异化规定的出现是必然和正常的。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:608 2. Second, in the early stages of his construction of historical phenomenology, Marx had already consecutively used the theoretical identifications of objectification and inversion in his phenomenological critique of the conversion of exchange value into money. However, in terms of the underlying essential relations such as capital and labor, qualifications such as objectification and inversion could not accurately place the self-oppositional nature of these social relations that objectively take place. As such, the emergence of a scientific qualification of relational alienation was both necessary and normal. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 481. 3. 相对于价值,“交换价值总只能是某种包含在其中但还是能够和它相区别的东西的表现方式”,现象形态商品是使用价值或使用品和“价值”。但是,一个商品只要它的价值取得一种特别的、和它的自然形态不同的现象形态,交换价值的形态,它就会表现为这样一个二重物。在孤立的考察下,它是没有这个形态的,要有这种形态,它就必须和第二种不同的商品发生价值关系或交换关系因此,“当作使用价值,各种商品首先是异质的;当作交换价值,它们却只能是异量的,所以不包含任何一个使用价值原子”。商品的功用性是异质的,可是商品的价值表现为交换价值形式时,却是无质性的量化关系。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:612 3. Relative to value, “exchange value, generally, is only the mode of expression, the phenomenal form, of something contained in it, yet distinguishable from it.” Therefore: A commodity is a use value or object of utility, and a value. It manifests itself as this twofold thing, that it is, as soon as its value assumes an independent form —viz., the form of exchange value. It never assumes this form when isolated, but only when placed in a value or exchange relation with another commodity of a different kind. Therefore, “As use values, commodities are, above all, of different qualities, but as exchange values they are merely different quantities, and consequently do not contain an atom of use value.” Though the uses of commodities vary, when the value of commodities appears in the form of exchange value, there is only a qualitatively undifferentiated quantity-relation. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the context of Economics, 2014: 485. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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