辛迪加【英】

syndicate

译文来源

Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977: 248.

定义

辛迪加是垄断组织形式之一。参加辛迪加的企业，在生产上和法律上仍然保持自己的独立性，但是丧失了商业上的独立性，销售商品和采购原料由辛迪加总办事处统一办理。其内部企业之间存在着争夺销售份额的竞争。
　辛迪加产生于19世纪末20世纪初，当时欧洲主要资本主义国家都出现了辛迪加组织，它们在主要工业生产领域，特别是重工业领域中几乎都占据着垄断地位。而现阶段对于辛迪加的分析大多集中于绩效分析方面，具体来说有以下几个方面：辛迪加的结构测度的实证测量；辛迪加演进的动力研究；辛迪加的管理机制研究；辛迪加结构的绩效考核。
　参加辛迪加的企业，选出它们的代表组成总办事处。这种统一的、集中的购销也意味着辛迪加在流通领域中占有一定的垄断地位，使它有可能抬高商品的销售价格压低原料的采购价格，从而获得高额垄断利润。在辛迪加内部，各资本之间也存在着矛盾和斗争，他们为了争夺商品销售份额和原料分配比例而展开激烈的竞争。
同另一种垄断组织形式卡特尔相比，辛迪加较为稳定，存在时间也较为长久。这是因为，参加辛迪加的企业成员失去了直接同市场联系的渠道，而如果它们想要脱离辛迪加是十分困难的，因为它们想要脱离的话，必须花费一定的资本同市场重新建立起联系，而这个过程也常常受到辛迪加组织的阻挠（侯合银，葛芳芳，2010：1179-1184）。

定义来源

侯合银，葛芳芳.创业投资辛迪加网络的结构、演化、治理和绩效[J].管理学报：2010（8）.

例句

1. 还可举一个例子来证明：只要一涉及某些实际问题，《俄国财富》那些讲人道的自由派行政官就显出是十足的资产者。在《俄国财富》第12期《国内生活纪事》中谈到了垄断的问题。作者说，“垄断和辛迪加是发达的工业的理想。”接着他很惊奇：虽然我国并没有“资本的激烈竞争”，可是这些机构也在我国出现了。“无论制糖工业或石油工业都还不特别发达。在我国，不论白糖或煤油的消费几乎都处于萌芽状态，如果注意到我国每个消费者平均的白糖和煤油的消费量同其他国家相比是微不足道的话。看来，供这些工业部门发展的地盘还很大，还能吸收大量资本。”——《列宁全集（第一卷）》，1984：207

1. One could quote another example of how the pure-blooded bourgeois peeps out of the humane and liberal administrators of Russkoye Bogatstvo as soon as they have to deal with any practical question. “The Chronicle of Home Affairs” in Russkoye Bogatstvo, No. 12, deals with the subject of monopoly. “Monopoly and the syndicate,” says the author, “such are the ideals of developed industry.” And he goes on to express his surprise that these institutions are appearing in Russia, too, although there is no “keen competition among the capitalists” here. “Neither the sugar industry nor the oil industry has developed to any great extent yet. The consumption of sugar and kerosene here is still practically in the embryo, to judge by the insignificant per capita consumption of these goods here as compared with that of other countries. It would seem that there is still a very large field for the development of these branches of industry and that they could still absorb a large amount of capital.” -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 1), 1977: 248-249.

2. 这些条文的精神是同社会革命党人完全一致的，或者说（这也一样）是同资产阶级改良派完全一致的。这里没有丝毫的革命气息。它们当然是进步的，这一点是无可争辩的，但是这种进步有利于私有者。社会主义者提出这些要求，正好就是迁就私有者的本能。提出这些要求，等于要求国家协助托拉斯、卡特尔、辛迪加、工业家协会，这些组织的“进步性”并不比农业中的合作社、保险事业等等差一些。这一切都是资本主义的进步。为它操心不是我们的事情，而是老板、企业家的事情。——《列宁全集（第十一卷）》，1987：289

2. These clauses are quite in the spirit of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, or (what amounts to the same thing) of bourgeois reformism. There is nothing revolutionary about them. They are, of course, progressive—no one disputes that—but progressive in the interests of property-owners. For a socialist to advance them means nothing but flattering proprietary instincts. To advance them is the same as demanding state aid to trusts, cartels, syndicates, and manufacturers’ associations, which are no less “progressive” than co-operatives, insurance, etc., in agriculture. All this is capitalist progress. To show concern for that is not our affair, but that of the employers, the entrepreneurs. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9), 1977: 312-313.

3. 首先必须给帝国主义下一个尽量确切和完备的定义。帝国主义是资本主义的特殊历史阶段。这个特点分三个方面：（1）帝国主义是垄断的资本主义；（2）帝国主义是寄生的或腐朽的资本主义；（3）帝国主义是垂死的资本主义。垄断代替自由竞争，是帝国主义的根本经济特征，是帝国主义的实质。垄断制表现为五种主要形式：（1）成立卡特尔、辛迪加和托拉斯；生产集中达到了产生这种资本家垄断同盟的阶段；（2）大银行占垄断地位，3-5家大银行支配着美、法、德三国的全部经济生活；（3）原料产地被各托拉斯和金融寡头占据（金融资本是同银行资本融合的垄断工业资本）；（4）国际卡特尔开始（在经济上）瓜分世界。这种国际卡特尔的数目已超过100个，它们控制着整个世界市场，并且“和睦地”进行瓜分（在战争还没有重新瓜分它以前）。资本输出作为一种非常典型的现象，和非垄断资本主义时期的商品输出不同，它同从经济上、从政治和领土上瓜分世界有着密切的联系；（5）从领土上瓜分世界（瓜分殖民地）已经完毕。——《列宁全集（第二十八卷）》，1990：69-70

3. We have to begin with as precise and full a definition of imperialism as possible. Imperialism is a specific historical stage of capitalism. Its specific character is threefold: imperialism is (1) monopoly capitalism; (2) parasitic, or decaying capitalism; (3) moribund capitalism. The supplanting of free competition by monopoly is the fundamental economic feature, the quintessence of imperialism. Monopoly manifests itself in five principal forms: (1) cartels, syndicates and trusts—the concentration of production has reached a degree which gives rise to these monopolistic associations of capitalists; (2) the monopolistic position of the big banks—three, four or five giant banks manipulate the whole economic life of America, France, Germany; (3) seizure of the sources of raw material by the trusts and the financial oligarchy (finance capital is monopoly industrial capital merged with bank capital); (4) the (economic) partition of the world by the international cartels has begun. There are already over one hundred such international cartels, which command the entire world market and divide it “amicably” among themselves—until war redivides it. The export of capital, as distinct from the export of commodities under non-monopoly capitalism, is a highly characteristic phenomenon and is closely linked with the economic and territorial political partition of the world; (5) the territorial partition of the world (colonies) is completed. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 23), 1974: 105-106.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
研究结果表明，不仅风险企业家，而且辛迪加组织中的非领导风险投资家都会因事后投机行为而产生道德风险同题，从而使均衡结果无效。——“投资辛迪加与融资市场中的道德风险”，载于《系统工程理论与实践》2008年第11期
The research indicates that not only venture enterpriser but also non-lead venture capitalist of syndicate will have moral risk to make equilibrium outcome ineffective.

例句 2：
创业投资家之间因辛迪加而建立关系，进而随着辛迪加的广泛应用而形成创业投
资辛迪加网络。——“创业投资辛迪加网络的结构、演化、治理和绩效”，载于《管理学报》2010年第8期
The venture capital syndicate network is established and developed because of ties between venture capitalists.

例句 3：
通过引入价值异质性和成本异质性，对跨区域创业投资辛迪加网络的形成机制进
行研究，建立了一个三阶段的完全且完美信息动态博弈模型。——“跨区域创业投资辛迪加网络形成机制研究”，载于《管理学报》2011年第11期
In this paper，formation mechanism of Trans-regional Venture Capital Syndicate Net-work is studied，and a three-stage perfect and complete information dynamic game model is established by introducing value and cost heterogeneity.