字词 | 自然垄断 |
释义 | 自然垄断【英】natural monopoly译文来源[1] Xi Jinping, Xi Jinping: The Governance of China [M]. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014: 87. 定义如果由一个厂商生产整个行业产出的生产总成本比由两个或者两个以上厂商生产这个产出的生产总成本低,这个行业就是自然垄断的。如果自由竞争的结果造成由单一厂商生产,则该行业可以算是个自由垄断行业。或者,如果种种竞争力量导致了一种不同的行业结构,那么,也可能出现自然垄断。一般来说,自然垄断的特点在于一个代表性厂商的成本函数的次可加性(伊特韦尔,1996:648)。 定义来源[1] 伊特韦尔.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典[Z].经济科学出版社1996. 例句1. 全会决定提出一系列有针对性的改革举措,包括国有资本加大对公益性企业的投入;国有资本继续控股经营的自然垄断行业,实行以政企分开、政资分开、特许经营、政府监管为主要内容的改革,根据不同行业特点实行网运分开、放开竞争性业务;健全协调运转、有效制衡的公司法人治理结构;建立职业经理人制度,更好发挥企业家作用;建立长效激励约束机制,强化国有企业经营投资责任追究;探索推进国有企业财务预算等重大信息公开;国有企业要合理增加市场化选聘比例,合理确定并严格规范国有企业管理人员薪酬水平、职务待遇、职务消费、业务消费。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:79 1. The Decision proposes a series of targeted reform measures: We must ensure that state-owned capital increases its input into public-service-oriented enterprises; in natural monopoly industries in which state-owned capital continues to hold controlling interests, carry out a reform focusing on separation of government administration from enterprise management, separation of government administration from state assets management, franchise operation, and government oversight, separate network ownership from operation, and deregulate control over competitive businesses in light of the conditions of different industries; improve the corporate governance structure to ensure smooth operation and effective checks and balances; establish a system of professional managers, and give better play to the role of business executives; establish a long-term incentive-and-restraint mechanism, and strengthen investigations into the accountability of SOE operations and investment; and explore ways to publicize important information, including SOE financial budgets. Moreover, SOEs should appropriately increase the proportion of market-based recruitment, and properly determine and strictly regulate the salary level, post-related benefits and expenses as well as business spending of SOE managerial personnel. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 87. 2. “位置的自然垄断,特别是在城市的〈伦敦西蒂区的位置的自然垄断〉条件下以及在气候对一些国家的农业生产的影响下,其次,土壤特有的肥力的自然垄断,例如在有特别好的葡萄园的情况下以及在不同的国家比较的情况下,例如把热带产品销售到温带国家{“例如某些国家(南欧、热带国家)对某种自然垄断的产品抽出口税时深信,这些关税将转嫁给外国的消费者”(第15页,注释11)。如果瓦格纳先生由此推出南欧国家的出口税,那就表明,他对这些关税的“历史”一无所知},——将使来自自然的(至少是部分的)自由的财物成为纯经济财物,获得这种财物要付出很高的报酬。”(第15页)。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第十九卷)》,1963:397 2. “In particular natural monopolies of location have the effect, especially in urban” (!natural monopoly of the location in the City of London!) “conditions, then under the influence of the climate for the agricultural production of entire countries, further, natural monopolies of the specific fertility of the land, e.g. with especially good vineyards, and indeed even between different peoples, e.g. in the sale of tropical products to countries of the temperate zone.” //“One example are the export duties on products of a kind of natural monopoly, which are imposed in some countries (Southern Europe, tropical countries) on the safe assumption that they will be passed on to the foreign consumers” (Note 11, p. 15). In deducing export duties in the Southern countries from this, Mr. Wagner shows that he knows nothing of the “history” of these duties “that goods at least partially free in nature become purely economic ones, sold as a matter of business to the highest bidder” (p. 15). -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 24), 1989: 531-532. 3. 那些存在自然垄断的生产部门,即使它们的利润率高于社会利润率,也不受这种平均化过程的影响。这在以后对地租论的阐述是很重要的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第三十二卷)》,1974:74 3. Those branches of production which constitute a natural monopoly are exempted from this equalisation process, even if their rate of profit is higher than the social rate. This is important later for the development of rent. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 43), 1988: 24. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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