自发论【英】

The theory of spontaneity

译文来源

Stalin. J. V. J. Stalin Works (Vol. 6) [C]. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953：93-94.

定义

自发论是崇拜和鼓吹工人运动自发性的一种机会主义理论，产生于19世纪末20世纪初俄国社会民主党内经济派的一个主要观点。马尔丁诺夫和克里切夫斯基是自发论的主要代表人物。马尔丁诺夫和克里切夫斯基认为，社会主义是自发的工人运动的产物；排斥革命理论、革命政党对工人运动的指导，醉心于细小的实际的改良活动，否定政治斗争；同时，还崇拜工人运动的自发性，否定革命理论和革命政党对革命实践的伟大指导作用；鼓吹工人运动的座右铭是“为改善经济状况而斗争”；不同意在工人群众中进行社会主义的思想教育。马尔丁诺夫、克里切夫斯基曾猛烈地批评列宁的思想学说，二人曾在1901年9月的《工人事业》杂志第10期上发表评论文章，指责列宁等人轻视发展过程中客观成分或自发成分的意义，认为列宁的计划和策略是同马克思主义的基本精神相矛盾的，而将来社会制度的出现也会不管社会科学取得什么成就以及自觉的战士如何增加而仍然多半是自发爆发的结果。列宁的《怎么办?》批判自发论把社会历史的发展归结为单纯的经济变化，形而上学地割裂客观因素和主观因素的辩证关系，盲目地受客观必然进程支配，并论述了政治斗争与经济斗争、理论与实践、自觉与自发的辩证关系。（金炳华，2003：717）

定义来源

金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社，2003.

例句

1. 自发“论”是机会主义的理论，是崇拜工人运动自发性的理论，是实际上否认工人阶级的先锋队即工人阶级政党的领导作用的理论。崇拜自发性的理论坚决反对工人运动的革命性质，反对使工人运动循着反对资本主义基础的路线行进，而主张使工人运动仅仅循着资本主义“可以履行的”“可以接受的”要求的路线行进，完全主张采取“阻力最小的路线”。自发论是工联主义的思想体系。——《斯大林全集（第六卷）》，1956：66

1. The “theory” of spontaneity is a theory of opportunism, a theory of worshiping the spontaneity of the labour movement, a theory which actually repudiates the leading role of the vanguard of the working class, of the party of the working class. The theory of worshipping spontaneity is decidedly opposed to the revolutionary character of the working-class movement; it is opposed to the movement taking the line of struggle against the foundations of capitalism; it is in favour of the movement proceeding exclusively along the line of “realisable” demands, of demands “acceptable” to capitalism; it is wholly in favour of the “line of least resistance.” The theory of spontaneity is the ideology of trade--unionism. -Quoted from J. Stalin Works (Vol. 6), 1953: 93-94.

2. 崇拜自发性的理论坚决反对使自发运动带有自觉的和有计划的性质，反对党走在工人阶级的前面，反对党把群众提高到自觉的水平，反对党领导运动，而主张使运动中的觉悟成分不致妨碍运动循着自己的道路行进，使党只依从自发运动，做运动的尾巴。自发论是降低觉悟成分在运动中的作用的理论，是“尾巴主义”的思想体系，是一切机会主义的逻辑基础。——《斯大林全集（第六卷）》，1956：66

2. The theory of worshipping spontaneity is decidedly opposed to giving the spontaneous movement a politically conscious，planned character. It is opposed to the Party marching at the head of the working class, to the Party raising the masses to the level of political consciousness, to the Party leading the movement; it is in favour of the politically conscious elements of the movement not hindering the movement from taking its own course; it is in favour of the Party only heeding the spontaneous movement and dragging at the tail of it. The theory of spontaneity is the theory of belittling the role of the conscious element in the movement, the ideology of "khvostism," the logical basis of all opportunism. -Quoted from J. Stalin Works (Vol. 6), 1953: 94.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
“人性本善”作为价值预设，这只表明了主张者的一种教育理想，表明主张者对当前德育中弊端的痛恶的心绪与抨击，然而，这种预设并不科学，逻辑也不周延。“人性本善”论，只会导致德育自发论。——“学生德性或德行能由内而外的生成吗？”，载于《北京师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2000年第6期
As the value hypothesis, the human goodness by nature expresses not only the educational ideal of the advocate but also detestableness of the advocate for the current abuse in the moral education. However, the hypothesis and its logic are neither scientific nor complete. It can only lead to the theory of spontaneity of the moral education.

例句 2：
在有关市场秩序形成机制的理论传统中，存在自发论和建构论的二元对立。——“自发性与建构性的互动实践——关于市场秩序形成机制的研究”，载于《社会学评论》2017年第2期
In the theoretical tradition of the formation mechanism of market order, there is a binary opposition between the theory of spontaneity and the theory of construction.

例句 3：
萨维尼和蒂堡不同的法律观所生发的“自生自发论”和“理性建构论”两种法律生长模式对于分析近代中国民族复兴梦中的法律生长样态具有意义。——“法律生长与民族复兴”，载于《法学论坛》2013年第4期
The spontaneous theory and the rational construction theory are two kinds of law growth model from the different law concept between Savigny and Thibaut. These two kinds of law growth model have the significance for the analysis of the law growth form of national revival dream in modern China.