监督【英】

supervision; oversight

译文来源

[1] He Yiting. The Ideological Banner for the Development of Contemporary China—On General Secretary Xi Jinping’s Significant Instruction on the “Chinese Dream” [M]. London: New Classic Press, 2015:74.
[2] Xi Jinping. Xi Jinping: The Governance of China [M]. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2014: 436.

定义

监督，广义上指对现场或某一特定环节﹑过程进行监视﹑督促和管理，使其结果能达到预定的目标。狭义上，监督特指为维护公共利益，法定监督主体依法对国家机关及其公职人员行使公共权力的行为实施检查、督导和惩戒的活动。监督起源于社会生产和分配中的记事和契约活动。在西方，雅典城邦公元前594年至公元前338年采用“贝壳放逐法”等方法来防止执掌公共权力的人员滥用职权。在中国，西周时期由于实行分封、井田、宗法制度，对权力的监督应运而生：一是“言谏”监督官职调制并运作；二是百官监控急起；三是监察的重要内容是惩治官吏违法乱纪。进入封建社会历朝帝王将监督制度发挥到淋漓尽致的专制集权巅峰。西方封建社会之末，马基雅维利从历史和现实的经验出发，提出“权力恶”的理念，这种权力恶的观念，让不少西方人领悟到权力的可恶和无奈，甚至认为类似基督教的“原罪”，也促使学者洛克、孟德斯鸠、卢梭等想方设法去规范、限制政治权力的行使，以便抑其恶扬其善。十七八世纪资产主义重新审视国家、政府、法律的功能，引发对权力的制约与监督的理性思索。先后有“主权在民论”、“分权制衡论”等，由此产生了近代、现代的权力制衡和社会监督发生和形成的“自由主义监督观”。从不同的角度可以对监督作不同类型的划分。例如，按照监督内容上的差异，监督可以划分为政治监督、经济监督、文化监督等等。根据监督所依照的标准的不同，监督可以划分为法律监督、纪律监督、道德监督等等（项昫，2009：10）。

定义来源

项昫.探索中国共产党纪律监督论[J].中共中央党校出版社，2009.

例句

1. 改进党的建设的全面要求，需要贯彻和体现到思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、反腐倡廉建设和制度建设的各项工作中。基本要求包括：严格按党章办事，按党的制度和规定办事；对党员特别是领导干部严格要求，严格教育，严格管理，严格监督；在党内生活中讲党性、讲原则，开展积极的批评和自我批评，坚决反对和整治庸懒散奢等不良风气；严格按照党章规定的标准发展党员，严肃处置不合格党员，坚决惩处党内腐败分子；严格执行党的纪律，坚持在纪律面前人人平等。这些要求涵盖了党内生活的基本内容，各级党组织和党员、干部都应该按照这些要求去做。——《学习习近平总书记重要讲话》，2013：82

1. Managing the Party is not simply a slogan. It is the comprehensive requirements to strengthen and improve all sorts of Party-related work, including ideological building, organizational construction, work-style construction, anti-corruption work and system construction. The basic principles are: working according to the party constitution strictly; following the requirements of the system and the rules of the Party; being strict with Party members, especially the Party leaders, including strict requirements, education, management and supervision; advocating criticism and self-criticism; opposing to erroneous tendency of corruption; developing Party member according to the Party constitution strictly; punishing the disqualified Party members severely; penalizing all corrupt officials; exercising the disciplines strictly; insisting on that all members are equal before the Party discipline. Those requirements, which should be conducted strictly by every Party member and leader, cover the fundamental content of the inner Party activities. -Quoted from The Ideological Banner for the Development of Contemporary China—On General Secretary Xi Jinping’ s Significant Instruction on the “Chinese Dream”, 2015: 74.

2. 2013 年，党中央高度重视觉风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，中央纪委按照党中央决策部署，在强化党的纪律特别是政治纪律约束、强化执纪监督、强化查办腐败案件等方面攥紧拳头打出去，形成了鲜明的工作特点。——《习近平谈治国理政》，2014：393

2. In 2013 the CPC Central Committee made it a priority to improve Party conduct, uphold integrity and combat corruption. In compliance with the decisions and plans made by the Central Committee, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has fought firmly against corruption by strengthening Party discipline, especially by reinforcing political discipline, enhancing oversight of enforcement, and improving investigation into and prosecution of corruption cases. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 436.

3. 我们深入开展“三严三实”专题教育，锲而不舍落实党中央八项规定精神，坚决纠正“四风”，严格执行国务院“约法三章”。加强行政监察和审计监督。大力推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，一批腐败分子受到惩处。——《2016年政府工作报告》

3. The campaign to build understanding of the Three Stricts and Three Honests was intensified, the CPC Central Committee's eight-point decision on improving Party and government conduct continued to be implemented, action was taken against formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, and rigorous efforts were made to carry out the State Council’s three-point decision on curbing government spending. Administrative supervision and oversight through auditing were strengthened. We stepped up efforts to improve Party conduct and government integrity and fight corruption, and brought a number of offenders to justice. -Quoted from Report on the Work of the Government, 2016.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
20世纪60—70年代，为了解决重大灾难性事故中负有监督义务的监督者的过失责任问题，日本、德国等国学者率先提出监督过失犯罪理论。——《监督过失犯罪论》，华东政法大学博士学位论文，2012
The scholars in Japan and Germany advanced the theory about the crime of supervisory negligence in order to settle the fault liability of the person bearing the supervisory obligation in major catastrophic accidents during the 1960s to 1970s.

例句 2：
行政执法监督最根本的出发点就是要使行政执法严肃公正、保证国家行政机关及其工作人员廉洁、公正、高效，以达到依法行政的目的。——《论海关行政执法监督》，湘潭大学硕士学位论文，2005
The most essential start of the supervision on administrative law enforcement is to make administrative enforcement of law be serious and just, guarantee state administrative organizations and the functionaries uncorrupted, just and highly-efficient, then achieve the purpose of administration by law.

例句 3：
网络监督已成为一种不可忽视的社会现实的存在，也成为新时期执政党加强反腐倡廉建设的一个重要渠道。——《网络监督在反腐败中的作用研究》，中共中央党校博士学位论文，2012
Network supervision has become a social reality that can’t be ignored and an important channel for the ruling party’s anti-corruption in the new era.