斯坦因【英】

Marc Aurel Stein

定义

英国人，原籍匈牙利，后游学牛津大学和伦敦大学，1887年到英属印度，任拉合尔东方学院校长，加尔各答大学校长等职。在英国和印度政府的支持下，先后进行三次中亚探险。第一次中亚探险(1900-1901)主要发掘和田地区和尼雅的古代遗址，第二次探险(1906-1908)除重访和田和尼雅遗址外，还发掘古楼兰遗址，并深入河西走廊，在敦煌附近长城沿线掘得大量汉简，又走访莫高窟，拍摄洞窟壁画，并利用王道士的无知，廉价骗购藏经洞出土敦煌写本二十四箱、绢画和丝织品等五箱。第三次探险1913-1915)又重访和田、尼雅、楼兰等遗址，并再次到敦煌，从王道士手中获得五百七十余件敦煌写本。1930年，拟进行第四次中亚探险，被南京政府拒绝。

A Hungarian-British archaeologist. He visited Oxford University and London University for study. In 1887 Stein went to India and later he became the principal of Oriental College in Lahore, and then the principal of the Calcutta Madrassah. He was sponsored by the British and Indian governments to make three expeditions to Central Asia. Stein’s first expedition (1900–1901) was tasked with the excavation of ancient sites at Hetian and Niya. In his second expedition (1906–1908) he revisited Hetian and Niya, and also excavated the archaeological site at Loulan. He travelled all the way to the Hexi Corridor, and discovered large quantities of Han Dynasty bamboo slips along the Great Wall near Dunhuang. Stein then went to Dunhuang to photograph the murals, where he managed to convince a Taoist priest—Wang Daoshi—to sell him 24 cases of Dunhuang manuscripts and five cases of silk paintings and artifacts at a very low price. During his third expedition (1913–1915), Stein visited the same sites at Hetian, Niya, and Loulan again, and at Dunhuang he bought more than 570 of the Dunhuang manuscripts from Wang. In 1930 he had planned to start a fourth expedition, but the Chinese government in Nanjing refused to give him permission.