字词 | 形而上学 |
释义 | 形而上学【英】metaphysics译文来源Marx, K. & F. Engels. Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25) [M]. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1987: 498. 定义形而上学指与辩证法相对立的世界观和方法论。该词原为古希腊亚里士多德一部著作的名称,意为“物理学之后”。该义由古希腊罗德岛的安德罗尼柯把亚里士多德专讲事物本质、神、灵魂、意志自由等研究经验以外对象的著作,编为《物理学之后》一书并排在研究事物具体形态变化的《物理学》之后而来。从13世纪起被作为哲学名词,用以指研究超经验的东西(神、灵魂和意志自由等)的学问,或用作哲学的别称,其意一般多指建立一个观念体系以对实在的性质做出判断,或以一种方法去把握所知的实在的性质。无论是书名还是哲学名词,因其内容大体上相当于中国古代所说的“道”,所以近代严复根据中国《易经·系辞》中“形而上者谓之道”的说法,把这一词译成“形而上学”。由于它和中国魏晋时期的玄学都把超感性非经验的东西作为研究对象,因此在中国也有人称形而上学为玄学。在16—18世纪欧洲哲学中,“形而上学”仍然大都指研究经验以外对象的哲学,但其内涵逐渐发生了变化。在德国黑格尔提出唯心辩证法以后,它又被用以指非辩证的思维方法。 定义来源金炳华.马克思主义哲学大辞典[Z].上海辞书出版社,2003. 例句1. 所有这些过程和思维方法都是形而上学思维的框子所容纳不下的。相反地,对辩证法来说,上述过程正好证明了它自己的方法是正确的,因为辩证法在考察事物及其在头脑中的反映时,本质上是从它们的联系、它们的连结、它们的运动、它们的产生和消失方面去考察的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:25 1. None of these processes and modes of thought enters into the framework of metaphysical reasoning. Dialectics, on the other hand, comprehends things and their representations, ideas, in their essential connection, concatenation, motion, origin, and ending. Such processes as those mentioned above are, therefore, so many corroborations of its own method of procedure. –Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 23. 2. 当然,自然界显然是处在永恒的运动中,可是这一运动总好象是同一过程的不断重复。康德在这个完全适合于形而上学思维方式的观念上打开了第一个缺口,而且用的是很科学的方法,以致他所使用的大多数论据,直到现在还有效。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:62 2. It is true that nature was obviously in constant motion, but this motion appeared as an incessant repetition of the same processes. Kant made the first breach in this conception, which corresponded exactly to the metaphysical mode of thought, and he did it in such a scientific way that most of the proofs furnished by him still hold good today. –Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 53. 3. 形而上学所陷入的另一种对立,是偶然性和必然性的对立。还有什么能比这两个逻辑范畴更尖锐地相互矛盾呢?这两者是同一的,偶然的东西是必然的,而必然的东西又是偶然的——这怎么可能呢?常识和具有常识的大多数自然科学家,都把必然性和偶然性看作永远互相排斥的两个范畴。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十卷)》,1973:560 3. Another opposition in which metaphysics is entangled is that of chance and necessity. What can be more sharply contradictory than these two thought determinations? How is it possible that both are identical, that the accidental is necessary, and the necessary is also accidental? Common sense, and with it the majority of natural scientists, treats necessity and chance as determinations that exclude each other once for all. –Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 25), 1987: 498. 网络参考例句例句 1: |
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