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字词 客观
释义

客观【英】

objective (adj.); objectivity

译文来源

[1] Zhang Yibing: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 25.
[2] Objectivity (philosophy). via:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)

定义

客观是与主观相对立的一个概念,指不依赖于人的意识而存在的一切事物。不管人们是否认识它、是否知道它、是否承认它,都照样存在的,就是客观的。比如万有引力,在牛顿发现它之前就已经存在,尽管人们感觉不到、认识不到,自打有世界开始就存在,客观既包括有形的,也包括无形的。主观和客观的关系,实质上就是思维和存在的关系。在哲学史上,大量的争论正是在这个问题上展开的,对它的回答关系到整个哲学的方向和性质。唯心主义派别,特别主观唯心主义派别,强调人的主观因素(感觉、感受、理性、意志、欲望等),把它们视为本原,而把客观世界视为派生的、从属的因素。旧唯物主义反对唯心主义把主观因素视为世界本原的哲学路线,坚持世界的物质性和规律的客观性,这是正确的科学的立场。可是,他们并没有解决主观和客观的关系问题。辩证唯物主义既不同于唯心主义,也不同于旧唯物主义,从实践出发来理解和解决主观和客观的关系问题(翁世盛,1990:28)。辩证唯物主义认为客观决定主观,主观能反映客观,并对客观具有能动作用。当主观正确反映客观、并作用于客观时,对客观事物的发展起促进或推动作用,反之,对事物的发展就起阻碍作用。

定义来源

翁世盛.论主观和客观的统一[J].福建学刊,1990(4).

例句

1. 他认为,“农业是有固定性的”,它是由固定的土地、固定的住所和必然固定化的生活支撑着的。而只有工业在资产阶级社会的产业中才第一次创造了一种可能性,即从经济上打破一切固定性的自由。这是因为,在这个“人做了一切”的制造业中,人也才获得了生产中的一种自由空间,而且它居于个人自由活动之上,这就自然形成了市民社会所特有的客观经济规律。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:52

1. He asserts that “Agriculture, even in its rudest and lowest state, supposes some sort of fixed habitation; it is supported by fixed land, fixed dwellings, and a necessarily fixed life. For the first time in the production carried out by bourgeois society, industry created the potential and freedom of destroying all fixed things in economics. This is because only in this manufacturing industry where “all is made by man” do people obtain a kind of free space in production. This free space exists above man’s free activity, naturally forms the objective economic laws that characterize civil society. -Quoted from: Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 25.

2. 但是他既没有正统派的毅力,又缺乏客观地理解神学的能力,他à la(正如)克鲁马赫尔一样,是通过多情善感的空谈同基督教勾搭上的,他把基督描绘成“朋友和老师”,企图抛弃基督教在形式上的一切“丑陋的东西”,并且用好听的空话来偷换它的内容。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第八卷)》,1961:278

2. But as he lacks both the energy of the orthodox and the understanding that would enable him to see theology objectively, he comes to terms with Christianity on the level of lyrical and declamatory sentimentality à la Krummacher. He presents Christ as a “friend and leader”, he seeks to do away with “ugliness” in the formal aspects of Christianity, and for the content he substitutes a hollow phraseology. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 11), 1979: 243.

3. 该书的基本概念是唯物主义和唯心主义这两大互相冲突的哲学派别。对唯心主义哪怕作出最微小的让步最终都将导致信仰主义和宗教,从而在客观上帮助和拯救了资产阶级。他不仅力图说明,那些否认不依赖感官知觉而存在的客观世界的实在性的人实际上是宗教信徒,而且企图——更令人难以置信地——表明,在关于外部世界的存在不可知论和宗教之间有一种必然联系。——《马克思以后的马克思主义》,2008:106

3. The basic conception in the book was that two philosophical schools confronted each other: materialism and idealism. The slightest concession to idealism would objectively give aid and succour to the bourgeoisie by ending up in fideism and religion. And he attempted to show not only that those who have denied the reality of an objective world existing independent1y of sense perception had in fact been religious believers, but also—and much more implausibly—that there was a necessary connection between agnosticism about the existence of an external world and religion. -Quoted from Marxism after Marx: An Introduction, 1998: 114-115.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
本文从司法实务中有争议的案例引发出对抢劫罪加重情节的思考,认为抢劫罪加重情节不仅是罪状所表述的客观情形,而且是在抢劫罪的基本构成之上形成的一种新的犯罪构成——加重犯罪构成。——《论抢劫罪加重情节的认定》,湘潭大学硕士学位论文,2005
Starting from a disputable case in real life, this paper illustrates the aggravation circumstances of robbery. It is believed that aggravation details in the offence of robbery is not only the objective situation of the description of the charge in an indictment, but also should be a new criminal course formed based on the basic composing of the offence of robbery.

例句 2:
客观处罚条件与不法构成要件要素具有排斥关系。在判断后者的类型性特征时需借助客观归责理论。——“构成要件符合性与客观处罚条件的判断”,载于《法学研究》2012年第6期
Elements of the offense and the objective punishment conditions are mutually exclusive. The elements of the offense have the feature of categorization and that of substantial wrongfulness.

例句 3:
在犯罪构成四要件说中,客观处罚条件没有存在余地。但是,在我国刑法立法中,已经出现一些关于客观处罚条件的条文。——“论内在的客观处罚条件”,载于《法学研究》2010年第6期
In the theory of four – element crime constitution, there is no room for the objective punishment condition. But the objective punishable condition already exists in the criminal legislation of our country now. How to understand and apply these provisions is an issues that cannot be avoided in theory.

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