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字词 国民经济核算(又作国民经济核算体系,国民经济会计制度,西方体系)
释义

国民经济核算(又作国民经济核算体系,国民经济会计制度,西方体系)【英】

The National Economic Accounting; The System of National Accounts; SNA

译文来源

[1] 胡代光,高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].中国社会科学出版社,1996:572.
[2] National Economic Accounting and International Cooperation. via:http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/specialtopics/IntSymposium/200411/t20041130_52294.html
[3] 王吉利.英汉汉英统计大词典[Z].中国统计出版社,2001:905.
[4] System of National Accounts. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts

定义

英国经济学家希克斯在他1942年出版的《社会结构》一书中首次提出“社会会计”的概念。他说:“正如私人会计是个别厂商的会计那样,社会会计不过是整个社会或全国的会计。”这是对国民经济核算所下的最早的定义。随后英国经济学家斯通比希克斯更进了一步,他把社会会计定义为:“发生于一个经济体系各部分之间的活动,用交易来表现的一种有条理的反映。”他认为:“社会会计涉及综合的、有条理的、连贯的经济生活的事实,它所用的概念、定义和分类适应于实际测算的需要,并尽量与经济理论中所出现的相一致,以便能够用于经济分析。”美国国民经济核算专家肯德里克教授在他的《经济账户及其应用》一书中说:“经济账户包含构成各总量的诸多重要因素的一个概念结构,以及表现诸多交易者集团的关系——由谁到谁的关系。”
 概括来说,国民经济核算是以一定的经济理论为指导,综合应用统计、会计和数学等方法,对一国在一定时期内各交易者集团的经济活动以及它在一定时点的结果的各重要总量指标及其组成成分进行有系统的测定,用来描述一国国民经济运用的联系和结构的全貌。国民经济核算所提供的各项指标,是研究宏观和微观经济理论及经济管理,研究国内经济和国际经济,研究一国的现实经济问题和一国经济的历史发展的重要依据。它是进行经济预测编制经济计划和制订各项经济政策的重要依据(胡代光等,1996:572)。
 国民经济核算的产生与宏观经济学的发展有着不可分割的密切联系:一方面,宏观经济理论为国民经济核算的产生提供了理论依据,规定了体系内容。另一方面,国民经济核算的产生又为宏观经济学的运用铺平了道路,提供了统计指标体系。这是因为,宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动为研究对象,以分析经济的总需求和总供给为核心,这就需要一整套核算国民经济活动的指标体系(国民经济核算.via: http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=uL24ij6b6Fqv0amcLkU5ZQFIUy95RaZrOZ7FuaOU4GN8srKARtHG-3yd0LCRAREt4sDZSNQuaUOfxMkeJf87SeO5ZYMExQ1HgeVZdNZrmAsvDCWRtE8gS5L_-h9UqivBypSy3vXl1ENI6G_YnAgvHq)。
 国民经济核算为最早源自市场经济发育完善的欧美地区使用的核算体系,也称之为“西方体系”。台湾、港澳地区引入较早,中国大陆自1992年完整引入该核算体系,取代之前的《国民经济平衡表体系》(MPS),并与联合国国民经济核算体系(UNSNA)接轨(国民经济核算.via:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%A0%B8%E7%AE%97)。

定义来源

[1] 胡代光,高鸿业.现代西方经济学辞典[Z].中国社会科学出版社,1996.
[2] 国民经济核算.via:http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=uL24ij6b6Fqv0amcLkU5ZQFIUy95RaZrOZ7FuaOU4GN8srKARtHG-3yd0LCRAREt4sDZSNQuaUOfxMkeJf87SeO5ZYMExQ1HgeVZdNZrmAsvDCWRtE8gS5L_-h9UqivBypSy3vXl1ENI6G_YnAgvHq
[3] 国民经济核算.via:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%A0%B8%E7%AE%97

例句

1. 根据统计材料,各人民委员部的职员,即列入国家预算的机关的职员,去年有一百五十多万人,今年似乎剩下一百二十万人了。减少了三十万人。但是,如果看一看实行经济核算的机关,那就可以看到,今年我们在这方面大约减少了二十万人(没有去年的数字),就是说,在减少职员方面,我们在列入国家预算的机关中取得了成绩,而在实行经济核算的机关中遭到了很大的失败。——《斯大林全集(第六卷)》,1956:141

1. According to the statistics, the institutions of the People’s Commissariats, that is, institutions financed out of the state budget, had over 1,500,000 employees last year, and—so we are told—1,200,000 this year. The drop is 300,000. But if we take institutions functioning on a business-accounting basis, we find that their employees this year number approximately 200,000 (no figures are available for last year). In other words, what we gained by reducing the personnel in institutions financed by the state budget has been largely offset by an increase in the personnel of institutions on a business-accounting basis. -Quoted from J. Stalin Works (Vol. 6), 1953: 206.

2. 新经济政策,是苏联在一九二一年由国内战争转变到和平经济建设时所实行的经济政策。主要内容是:用粮食税代替余粮收集制,农民缴税后的剩余粮食,可以自由出卖;发展商业,在一定限度内允许自由贸易和私商存在;在国营企业中实行经济核算制,并以租让、租赁等国家资本主义形式,把某些国营企业租给外国资本家或私人经营。——《邓小平文选(第三卷)》,1993:401

2. The New Economic Policy was introduced in the Soviet Union in 1921 when the country began to engage in peaceful economic development after the civil war. The main elements of the policy were as follows. The system of collecting surplus grain was replaced with a grain tax; peasants could sell their surplus grain freely after they had paid this tax in kind. Commerce was developed, and free trade and private businesses were allowed within certain limits. An economic accounting system was introduced in state-owned enterprises, and some of these enterprises were leased, under a form of state capitalism, to individuals or to foreign capitalists. -Quoted from Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (Vol. 3), 1995: 386.

3. 全会提出,完善国有资产管理体制,以管资本为主加强国有资产监管,改革国有资本授权经营体制;国有资本投资运营要服务于国家战略目标,更多投向关系国家安全、国民经济命脉的重要行业和关键领域,重点提供公共服务、发展重要前瞻性战略性产业、保护生态环境、支持科技进步、保障国家安全;划转部分国有资本充实社会保障基金;提高国有资本收益上缴公共财政比例,更多用于保障和改善民生。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:78

3. The Decision states that China will improve the state assets management system, strengthen state assets oversight with capital management at the core, and reform the authorized operation mechanism for state capital. State-owned capital investment operations must serve the strategic goals of the state, invest more in key industries and areas that are vital to national security and are the lifeblood of the economy, focus on offering public services, develop important and future-oriented strategic industries, protect the ecological environment, support scientific and technological progress, and guarantee national security. The government will transfer part of the state-owned capital to social security funds. We will increase the proportion of state-owned capital gains that are turned over to the public finance, to be used to ensure and improve the people’s livelihood. -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 86.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
因此,本文提出3G-GDP国民经济核算概念,从绿色GDP、幸福GDP和政府GDP角度揭示3G-GDP核算的理论依据和概念内涵,并在SNA账户体系框架内分析3G-GDP核算的可行性,最后探索3G-GDP国民经济核算理论的应用前景,并得出3G-GDP指标可作为GDP替代或者扩展指标的结论。——“3G-GDP国民经济核算理论初探”,载于《中国工业经济》2010年06期
Therefore, this article proposed the concept of 3G-GDP national economic accounting, revealing the theoretical basis and content of 3G-GDP national economic accounting from the aspects of Green GDP, Gladness GDP and Government GDP, and analyzed the feasibility of 3G-GDP national economic accounting within the framework of the SNA account system. At last, this article explored the prospects for the application of 3G-GDP and concluded that 3G-GDP index can be used as an alternative or extensive index of GDP.

例句 2:
现行国际通用的国民经济核算体系存在着重要的缺陷: 经济过程与环境之间是割裂开来的,忽视了资源、环境因素对经济过程的作用,也没有反应经济过对环境的影响。——《资源环境经济综合核算与绿色GDP的建立》,中国地质大学博士学位论文,2010
Current common national economic accounting system has significant drawbacks: economic activities and environment are disconnected; effects of resource and environment on economic activities or effects of economic activities on environments are overlooked.

例句 3:
在国民经济核算中扩展综合环境与经济核算,计算绿色GDP是政府实施宏观经济调控、实现经济可持续增长的重要手段之一。——《资源环境经济综合核算与绿色GDP的建立》,中国地质大学博士学位论文,2010
A new accounting system including both environments and economic activities, Green GDP, is a vital inde

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