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字词 同类相知说
释义

同类相知说【英】

like is known by like

译文来源

Empedocles. via: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles

定义

古希腊哲学家恩培多克勒的认识论学说。恩培多克勒在“流射说”的基础上提出了“同类相知说”的认识理论。他认为,客观事物发出一种流射,作用于人的感觉器官。人的眼睛内部是一团火,周围包围着土和气,形成了薄薄的帷幕,水则在帷幕四周流动。帷幕上有一些细小的孔道,让事物的流射可以穿过。我们的感觉之所以能够发生,是因为我们与客观事物之间有同样的元素在对流,而思想则是由我们体内的血液在对流,因为血液中包含有一切元素(邓晓芒等,2005:36—37)。“我们以自己的土来看土,用自己的水来看水,用自己的气来看神圣的气,用自己的火来看毁灭性的火;更用我们的爱来看[世界的]爱,用我们可厌的恨来看它的恨”(北京大学哲学系,1961:90)。正是因为同类元素在孔道中的相通,认识才成为可能。这种看法表明它对人类认识过程的认识显得幼稚,他把感觉与思想完全归于水、火、气、土的物质的机械运动是片面的,但是他把认识活动看作是从外物到感觉与思想的过程,力图寻找认识的生理机制。这体现了唯物主义的倾向,是朴素的唯物主义认识论(吴仁平等,2012:21—22)。

定义来源

[1] 北京大学哲学系.古希腊罗马哲学[M].商务印书馆,1961.
[2] 邓晓芒,赵林.西方哲学史[M].高等教育出版社,2005.
[3] 吴仁平,彭隆辉.欧洲哲学史简明教程[M]. 中央编译出版社,2012.

例句

1. 因此,如果它以低于同类商品的社会价值而高于它的个别价值出售,也就是说,按一种不把它的个别价值和它的普遍价值之间的差别拉平的价值出售,那么它便是高于自己的价值出售,或者说,包含在其中的劳动和通常生产它的平均劳动相比成了当时较高级的劳动。但是在生产它时所使用的工人的劳动能力并没有得到较高的报酬。这一差额因而落入资本家的腰包并形成他的剩余价值。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第四十八卷)》,1985:23

1. If, therefore, it is sold below the social value of commodities of the same kind, but above its individual value—hence sold at a certain value which retains some of the difference between its individual and its general value—it is sold above its value, or, in other words, the labour contained in it is momentarily higher labour than the average labour with which it is produced in general. But the labour capacity of the labour employed to produce it is not paid as higher labour capacity. This difference is pocketed by the capitalist and forms surplus value for him. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 34), 1994:111.

2. “一带一路”是互利共赢之路,将带动各国经济更加紧密结合起来,推动各国基础设施建设和体制机制创新,创造新的经济和就业增长点,增强各国经济内生动力和抗风险能力。中国同阿拉伯国家因为丝绸之路相知相交,我们是共建“一带一路”的天然合作伙。——《习近平谈治国理政》,2014:316

2. “The One Belt and One Road” namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century, represent paths towards mutual benefit which will bring about closer economic integration among the countries involved, promote development of their infrastructure and institutional innovation, create new economic and employment growth areas, and enhance their capacity to achieve endogenous growth and to protect themselves against risks. As friends brought together by the Silk Road, China and the Arab states are natural partners in a joint effort to develop the “One Belt and One Road.” -Quoted from Xi Jinping: The Governance of China, 2014: 348.

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