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字词 劳动时间
释义

劳动时间【英】

labour time

译文来源

Zhang Yibing. Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics [M]. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2014: 377.

定义

劳动时间也称工作时间,指劳动者利用劳动资料直接作用于劳动对象的时间。从劳动者个体层面来看,劳动时间取决于劳动者对工作和闲暇的偏好,及其收入水平和消费能力;从家庭层面来看,劳动时间取决于家庭成员构成,以及劳动者对家务劳动、市场工作和闲暇消费等内容的时间分配;从社会层面来看,劳动时间取决于某一国家或地区的工资制度、劳动生产率和社会保障水平(小向,2014:13)。马克思在《资本论》中揭示了资本主义社会资本家占有工人劳动时间的秘密。由于资本家按照劳动时间支付薪酬,掩盖了工人的劳动时间由必要劳动时间和剩余劳动时间构成的秘密,似乎资本家为工人所有劳动时间都支付了薪酬,而实际上资本家无偿占有了工人的剩余劳动。马克思认为劳动时间有其最低界限也有其最高界限,劳动时间的最低界限是个人为了维持自身生存而必须在一天之内进行劳动的时间,劳动时间的最高界限首先不能超过一个自然日的程度,其次取决于两点:第一是劳动力的身体界限。一个人在一个24小时的自然日内支出一定数量的生命力(黄云明,黄逸超,2013:17)。

定义来源

[1] 小向.劳动时间[J].中国就业,2014(9).
[2] 黄云明,黄逸超.马克思劳动时间界限理论对现代劳动伦理的启示[J].唐都学刊,2013(4).

例句

1. 蒲鲁东先生的整个辩证法是什么呢?就是用抽象的和矛盾的概念,如稀少和众多、效用和意见、一个生产者和一个消费者(两者都是自由意志的骑士)来代替使用价值和交换价值、需求和供给。这也就是说,蒲鲁东指出使用价值与交换价值的矛盾固然是正确的,可他却从任意而错误的推论中得出这样的结论:使用价值=众多,交换价值=稀少;使用价值=供给,交换价值=需求。而这个矛盾,将在由劳动时间所决定的价值中得到解决(构成与实现)。——《回到马克思:经济学语境中的哲学话语》,2009:483

1. What, then, does all M. Proudhon’s dialectic consist in? In the substitution for use value and exchange value, for supply and demand, of abstract and contradictory notions like scarcity and abundance, utility and estimation, one producer and one consumer, both of them knights of free will. This means that although Proudhon was correct in his identification of the contradiction between value-in-use and value-in-exchange, he arbitrarily and incorrectly derived from them the conclusion that value-in-use=abundance and supply, value-in-exchange=scarcity and demand. For Proudhon, this contradiction is resolved (constituted and realized) in the value determined by labor time. -Quoted from Back to Marx: Changes of Philosophical Discourse in the Context of Economics, 2014: 377.

2. 问题的根源是价值和劳动时间的等同。随着工业生产过程的技术复杂性不断提高,越来越不依赖直接地人类劳动,这种等同变得越来越有问题。马克思本人认为,自动化的提高可能不利于资本主义;直接劳动与技术过程之间越不平衡,资本主义制度就越不能够再生产出自身,从而导致它的最终解体。——《后马克思主义思想史》,2011:84

2. The root of the problem is the equation of value and labour-time, an equation rendered ever more problematical as industrial processes increase in technological sophistication to become less and less dependent on direct human labour. Marx himself thought that increased automation would work to the detriment of capitalism; that the more of an imbalance there was between direct labour and technological process the less the capitalist system would be able to reproduce itself, leading to its eventual dissolution. -Quoted from Post-Marxism: An Intellectual History, 2001: 54.

3. 只有通过竞争的波动从而通过商品价格的波动,商品生产的价值规律才能得到贯彻,社会必要劳动时间决定商品价值这一点才能成为现实。因此,价值的表现形式——价格,通常看来同它所表现的价值多少有些不同,这种命运是价值和大多数社会关系所共同的。——《马克思恩格斯全集(第二十一卷)》,1965:215

3. Only through the fluctuations of competition, and consequently of commodity prices, does the law of value of commodity production assert itself and the determination of the value of the commodity by the socially necessary labour time become a reality. That thereby the form of manifestation of value, the price, as a rule looks somewhat different from the value which it manifests, is a fate which value shares with most social relations. -Quoted from Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (Vol. 26), 1990: 287.

网络参考例句

例句 1:
近年来农民工社会融入问题备受关注,但劳动时间因素对农民工社会交往与社会融入的影响往往被忽略。——“劳动时间、社会交往与农民工的社会融入研究——基于湖南省农民工‘三融入’调查的分析”,载于《中国人口科学》2015年第3期
Although much attention has been paid to the social inclusion problems of rural migrant workers, the effect of working time has been neglected.

例句 2:
随着农村青壮年劳动力大规模转移,我国农村劳动力老龄化趋势不断加剧,我国农业生产可持续发展面临挑战,在这一背景下对农村老年人劳动时间供给状况进行研究显得十分必要。——“新农保对中国农村老年人劳动时间供给的影响”,载于《人口与经济》2016年第5期
With the migration of the rural labor force in young adults, the aging process of the rural labor presents a rising trend, which will have effect on the agricultural productivity in China. It is necessary to analyze the situation about the labor time supply of the elderly in rural area based on such background.

例句 3:
按照马克思关于“社会必要劳动时间Ⅰ”和“社会必要劳动时间Ⅱ”的分析思路,可从时空维度提出“社会必要劳动时间Ⅲ”和“社会必要劳动时间0”。——“社会必要劳动时间:一种新的解说”,载于《河北经贸大学学报》2015年第5期
According to Marx’s analysis path about “social necessary labor time Ⅰ” and “social necessary labor time Ⅱ”, the paper proposes the concepts “social necessary labor time Ⅲ” and “social necessary labor time 0” from the spatial dimension and temporal dimension.

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