集体农业【英】

collective agriculture; collective farming

译文来源

[1] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 30) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974: 198.
[2] Lenin, V. I. Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 9) [M]. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1974: 200.

定义

集体农业是指社会主义国家根据20世纪30年代苏联农村机构的模式建立自己的农村机构。生产资料大部分归集体拥有，农业劳动由“集体”组织，个人收入由“集体”分配。它们在鼎盛之时，世界上有三分之一以上的农业劳动者在这一体制下工作。
　集体农业最早在苏联出现，在斯大林领导阶段，集体农业在苏联发展到顶峰。我国建国后，社会主义改造过程中也出现了集体农业时期。并且在资本主义国家也存在过，如美国、日本等。
　社会主义国家基于下列主要理由而赞成集体化。
　第一，大多数社会主义国家的领导层利用集体农业对具有私人小商品生产思想而经济上独立的农民阶层进行改造。如斯大林(Stalin)指出的：“必须做大量的工作去改造集体农庄农民，纠正他的个人主义心理，使他转变成为一名社会主义社会的真正的劳动成员”。
　第二，通过党领导的集体农庄进行国家干预，将会改善农村的经济活动，集体农庄通过收入的再投资和组织“剩余”劳力进行基本建设，可以提高储蓄和投资率。
　第三，党领导的集体农庄被看作是获得高农业销售率和输出农业储蓄资金，为非农业投资融资的手段。
　第四，集体农庄将阻止农业现代化带来的、大多数农民成为工资劳动者的“资本主义”两极分化。此外适当的国家政策，例如土地改革、有关教育和信贷的规定、基础设施建设和累进税，可以缓和农村中的阶级不平等状况。
　第五，列宁、斯大林和毛泽东都相信，农业具有周期长和规模经济的特性。在许多农业作业中，例如在研究、加工、建设和保持灌溉设施方面，大规模占据了优势（约翰·伊特韦尔，1996：519-520）。

定义来源

约翰·伊特韦尔.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典（第一卷）[Z].经济科学出版社，1996.

例句

1. 但是，即使我们消除了过去的缺点，完全克服了这种不象话的做法，我们也只不过做了我们应做的工作的极小一部分。因为国家帮助公社仍然是必要的，如果国家不帮助各种集体农业企业，我们就不是共产党人，就不是建立社会主义经济的拥护者。我们之所以不得不这样做，也因为这是同我们的各项任务符合的，我们深知这些共耕社、劳动组合和集体组织都是新的创举，如果执政的工人阶级不支持这些创举，它们就不会扎下根来。——《列宁全集（第三十七卷）》，1986：363

1. But even if we eliminate this old shortcoming, completely suppress this outrage, it will still be only a small fraction of what has to be done. For it will still be necessary for the state to help the communes, and we would not be Communist sand champions of socialist economy if we did not give state aid to every kind of collective agricultural enterprise. We must do so because it is in accordance with all our aims, and because we know perfectly well that these co-operatives, artels, and collective organisations are innovations, and if support is not given them by the working class in power they will not take root. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 30), 1974: 198.

2. 要把公社办成模范公社，使附近农民自己愿意来加入公社；要善于做出实际榜样给他们看，怎样才能帮助那些在商品缺乏和整个经济都遭到破坏的困难条件下经营农业的人。为了规定这样做的实际办法，必须制定一个详尽的指示，列举帮助附近农民的各种方式，询问每个公社在帮助农民方面做了一些什么事情，并且指出具体办法，使现有的2000个公社和大约4000个劳动组合每一个都能在实际上成为巩固农民信念的核心，使农民相信集体农业这种过渡到社会主义去的办法是有益的东西，而不是空想，不是梦呓。——《列宁全集（第三十七卷）》，1986：365

2. A commune must be organised so that it will serve as a model, and the neighbouring peasants will be attracted to it. We must be able to set them a practical example of how to assist people who are running their farms under the difficult conditions of a shortage of goods and general economic chaos In order to define the practical methods of effecting this instructions must be drawn up in the greatest detail and should enumerate all forms of assistance that can be given to neighbouring peasants; the instructions should ask each commune to give an account of what it has done to help the peasants, and indicate methods whereby each of the existing two thousand communes and nearly four thousand artels may become a nucleus capable of strengthening the peasants’ conviction that collective farming, as a form of transition to socialism, is something of benefit to them, and not a whim or the ravings of a disordered mind. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 30), 1974: 200.

3. 很自然，这样的怀疑可能会有。如果我遇到这样的反对意见，我就要用以下的话来回答。的确，由于经济解体，经济破坏，商品缺少，运输力薄弱，耕畜和工具被毁，要广泛地改进经营是做不到的，但是，在许多个别情形下，小规模地改进经营，无疑还是能够做到的。就算连这点也办不到吧，那是否就是说，公社无法使附近农民的生活改变，无法向农民证明，集体农业企业不是人工培植的温室里的植物，而是工人政权对劳动农民新的帮助，是协助农民去同富农作斗争？我相信，即使这样提问题，即使我们在现时经济破坏条件下无法实行改良，只要在公社和劳动组合中有忠实的共产党员，那还是可以做出很多很多成绩来的。——《列宁全集（第三十七卷）》，1986：365-366

3. It will be only natural for doubts of this kind to be expressed. But if I had to reply to such objections, I would say this: assume that owing to the disorganisation of economic life, to economic chaos, goods shortage, poor transport and the destruction of cattle and implements, an extensive improvement of farming cannot be effected. But there is no doubt that a certain, not extensive, improvement is possible in a number of individual cases. But let us assume that even this cannot be done. Does that mean that the communes cannot produce changes in the life of the neighbouring peasants and cannot prove to the peasants that collective agricultural enterprises are not an artificial hothouse growth, but a new form of assistance to the working peasants on the part of the workers’ government, and an aid to the working peasants in their struggle against the kulaks? I am convinced that even if the matter is regarded in this way, even if we grant the impossibility of effecting improvements under the present conditions of economic chaos, a very great deal may nevertheless be accomplished if there are conscientious Communists in the communes and artels. -Quoted from Lenin Collected Works (Vol. 30), 1974: 201.

网络参考例句

例句 1：
随着农户家庭在集体农业的解体后成为重要的生产主体,部分农民从家庭农业中疏离而成为工薪阶层或者进入增长中的私营经济部门。——“家庭与市场:中国农村的非农就业模式探究”，载于《社会》2010年第5期
With China moving away from collective agriculture, rural households have begun to act as the basic unit of production, which has allowed some peasants to leave their family farms and join the paid labor force or participate in the flourishing private businesses.

例句 2：
指出了社会主义新农村建设是生态文明建设的重要组成部分，从《2014年北京市社会主义新农村建设重点工作分工方案》中可以看出，全国各地急需开展下列工作：①明确集体农业领导体制；②加强农村经营管理体系建设；③加大自然保护力度；④大力发展自然和文化遗产；⑤科学地实施退耕还林、还草、还湖方针；⑥引领生态小城镇的建设；⑦大力发展生态旅游；⑧重视人才培训建立全社会生态文明观念。——“论社会主义新农村建设急需开展的工作”，载于《绿色科技》2014年第10期
The construction of new socialist countryside is an important component in ecological civilization construction. In “The program of work -divisions for focal point of the work in the construction of new socialist countryside in Beijing 2014” ,it can be found that urgent works are needed to be done in the whole country as follows:①Explicating the leading system of collective agriculture; ② Strengthening rural management and administration system construction;③Increasing natural conservation force; ④Devoting major effort to explore natural and cultural heritages;⑤Scientifically implementing the policy of withdrawing plough and returning earth to forest ,grassland and lake; ⑥Eagerly looking