文明wénmíng 1.same as文化{wénhuà}①: 物质～。{material civilization} 2.社会发展到较高阶段和具有较高文化的{civilized; with a higher stage of development of society and a higher level of culture}: ～国家。{civilized country} 3.〈旧时old〉指有西方现代色彩的(风俗、习惯、事物){modern and Western (customs, habits, things, etc.)}: ～结婚{Western-style wedding}|～棍ㄦ(手杖)。{walking stick; stick}